1. Neuroanatomy/psychobiology
History of
Neuroanatomy/psychobiology

2. Archaeologists searching in regions with a history of advanced civilizations have found evidence of the knowledge of brain surgery, using techniques thought to be unknown to practitioners of medicine before the 19th century.

3. The Edwin Smith Papyrus
Dated and authenticated at 16th Century BC.
It is believed to be a copy from a text 1,000
years older.
Details surgical procedures, 48 of which are
traumatic injuries, and many of those are for
brain injuries, with descriptions of the physical
exam, treatment, and prognosis.
Cranial sutures, meninges, external surface
of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and intracranial
pulsations are described in detail.

5. The earliest evidence of brain surgery is thought to be from the middle stone age (10-12,000 years ago, found in a site on the Dnieper River in Russia. There is another site in Spain where a skull with trepanation dates to 10,000 BP.
The skull above is from Peru and dates to approximately 400 BC.

6. Brain Salad Surgery

7. You hold ‘em. I’ll cut.

8. Trepanation (from the Greek trypanon for drill, or auger) is a procedure by which pressure is relieved from the surface of the brain.
Trepanation from the Kashmir region of India/Pakistan, dated approximately 2000 B.C.

9. Tools, such as these replicas, were
first made of stone, but were still
capable of making perfect holes as seen in this specimen
from the late neolithic period.

10. Trephinations were mainly used to relieve pressure
on the skull, caused by swelling of the brain, much the same way a person relieves the pressure of a subungal hematoma.

11. Head injuries in ancient times were mainly due to
blunt force trauma from a club or stone. Today they
are most frequently caused by automobile accidents,

12. Sports and recreation,

16. hydrocephaly,

17. aneurysms, which are caused by arterial,
or venal blockage,

19. (Brett Michaels survived a brain aneurysm)

20. Shaken-Baby Syndrome,

21. animal bites (rabies), and many other causes.

22. What’s your problem man?

23. Bowling anyone?