1. Planning by Objectives for Instruction for ELL
Jill Kerper Mora
San Diego State University
Website: moramodules.com

2. Academic Needs of L2/Bilingual Learners
Language
Literacy
Content

3. Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners (ELL)
Differentiation is distinct for ELL because of the relationship between their language & literacy levels & cognitive demands of learning tasks. Therefore, we differentiate according to:
English language proficiency levels
Language arts abilities & skills: listening, speaking, reading & writing
Reading levels & demands of the text
Levels of concept & content learning challenges: abstract/concrete; simple/complex; experiential/referential

4. ELD ELD/SDAIE in 4X4 Model SDAIE Listening Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Speaking
Level 1
Reading
Level 1
Writing
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Speaking
Level 2
Reading
Level 2
Speaking
Level 3
Reading
Level 3
Speaking
Level 4
Reading
Level 4
SDAIE

5. The Lesson Cycle for ELD/SDAIE Instruction
Correction (Reteach)
Presentation
Check for Understanding
Task Analysis
Plan Lesson
Curriculum Standards
Anticipatory Set
Guided Practice Check Mastery
Monitor and Adjust
Next Objective
Assess
Independent Practice Assess Mastery
Closure
Yes No
Extension

6. Text Analysis for Literacy Instruction for ELL
Linguistic surface features (decodability, sentence structure, idiomatic expressions, literary devices & figurative language)
Features of text that support access for ELL (graphics, organizational clues, glossary, etc.)
Assessing the concept load of a text & vocabulary challenges
Author’s intent, purpose or function & message
Text structure, style & patterns of exposition
Relevant background & cultural knowledge to comprehend text

7. Thematic Planning for ELL
Theme selection & goals definition
Staging the concepts
Vocabulary
Reading selection
Guided practice
Evaluation

8. The Language-Concept Connection
Instructional Model
Use known language to teach an unknown concept.
Use known concepts to teach unknown language.

9. Curriculum Development Process for English Language Learners
State Content Standards & ELD Standards Instructional objectives & learning outcomes
Specify language & content objectives
Conduct task/text analysis & design learning activities
Design assessments

10. From Curriculum Standard to Instructional Objectives
8.6 Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people from 1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced, with emphasis on the Northeast.
Discuss the influence of industrialization and technological developments on the region, including human modification of the landscape and how physical geography shaped human actions (e.g., growth of cities, deforestation, farming, mineral extraction).
Outline the physical obstacles to and the economic and political factors involved in building a network of roads, canals, and railroads (e.g., Henry Clay's American System).
List the reasons for the wave of immigration from Northern Europe to the United States and describe the growth in the number, size, and spatial arrangements of cities (e.g., Irish immigrants and the Great Irish Famine).

11. Questions About Instructional Objectives
Why do we need to write instructional objectives? What are IO good for?
How do instructional objectives relate to the curriculum standards in my content area?
Why are the verbs we use in instructional objectives so important? Why does the verb need to be precise?
Why do we need to create both language and content objectives?
What is the difference between a language objective and a content objective?

12. Characteristics of Effective Instructional Objectives
Student-oriented: telling what students will do rather than what the teacher will do.
Descriptive of learning outcomes: It is the learning outcome, not the learning activity that are described in IO.
Clear & understandable: IO are explicit, using a clearly stated action/process verb
Observable: IO indicate what behavior(s) demonstrate that students have mastered the objective.

13. Guide to Analysis of Objectives
Look at the original objective. Pay attention to potential flaws such as:
Vagueness of behavioral verbs
Lack of specificity regarding context where students will demonstrate the behavior
Lack of clarity or specificity about the product students will produce to demonstrate the behavior.
Lack of indication of listening/speaking, reading or writing application
Lack of specificity about the critical thinking skill or process involved

14. Revising the Objective
In the rewritten objective, aim for the following:
A precise behavioral verb that describes the learning outcome.
A context where the behavior will be observed.
A performance or product.
A language skill application.
A critical thinking skill or process.
The application or example of how the objective’s behavior & skill or content is applied within one or more of the 5 steps of the lesson plan.

15. SWBAT Verbs are Essential
Vague & unobservable
Observable actions/products
To know To understand To learn To appreciate To study To realize To value To review
To analyze To predict To locate To explain To summarize To select To list To choose To classify

16. Is it Language or is it Content?
Key vocabulary
Language functions
Language skills
Grammar or language structures
Lesson tasks
Language learning strategies
Academic language
Factual knowledge & information about a topic
Simple or complex concepts
Concrete or abstract concepts
Processes, dynamics & systems
Critical thinking about content

17. Verbs for Instructional Objectives
Language Objectives
Content Objectives
Listen for
Describe
Edit
Retell
Define
Find the main idea
Compare
Summarize
Paraphrase
Generalize
Identify
Solve
Investigate
Distinguish
Hypothesize
Create
Select
Draw conclusions about cause & effect

18. Language Skills Instructional Objectives for Listening
Determine listening objectives to increase discrimination & comprehension of sounds, words & sentences
Use listening action words: Identify, names, match, select, list, define, sort, display, label.

19. Language Skills Instructional Objectives for Speaking
Determine speaking objectives to elicit authentic oral language use by purpose & function
Use speaking action words: retell, describe, recite, summarize, explain, narrate, role play, report.

20. Listening/Speaking
Behavioral verb not specific:
Behavioral outcome clearly defined.
Students will be able to (SWBAT) identify various vocabulary and ideas associated with the Pueblo Indians’ food, shelter, family life and clothing.
SWBAT listen to descriptive statements about the Pueblo’s food, shelter & clothing & classify the statement by its number under an icon on a three-column chart. Application: #1. The Pueblo’s main crops are corn, beans & squash. Classify under «Foods» icon.

21. Listening/Speaking Too vague & general: More specific:
Students will listen to the text about bears.
SWBAT respond by signifying thumps up/thumbs down to indicate if a statement about bears is true or false. Application: Bears live in the desert. T/F Bears like to eat fish from forest streams and rivers. T/F Mother bears give birth four or five cubs in the spring. T/F

22. Listening/Speaking Behavioral verb misapplied:
Behavioral verb clearer:
When speaking students will be able to retell in a short description what is happening on the earthquake Richter scale.
SWBAT to orally describe or explain the differences between a Richter scale 4.0 earthquake versus a 7.0 earthquake by telling about how much the earth shakes & how much damage each earthquake might cause using 2-3 sentences. Application: «The 4.0 earthquake could knock products in the stores off the selves. The 7.0 earthquake can make a refrigerator fall over. The 7:0 earthquake causes more shaking.

23. Language Skills Reading & Writing Objectives
Link objectives to the Reading/Language Arts Standards
Include critical thinking skills as well as mechanical and decoding skills
Use action words: summarize, compare & contrast, explain cause & effect, distinguish fact & opinion, paraphrase, outline.

24. Reading Focus on learning outcomes: Focus on process:
Students will read a portion of the text about Pueblo village life and discuss as a group what that section was about.
SWBAT read a passage about the work that men and women do in a Pueblo village and name three differences between their roles in producing and preparing food in complete sentences. Application: Women gather corn, cook and make pottery for cooking pots & dishes. Men plan the farming, work in the fields to grow the crops and gather fuel for cooking fires.

25. Writing
No product described; content vague:
Product specified; critical thinking skill defined
Students will write a narrative to demonstrate what they think life would be like for the Pueblo Indians.
SWBAT write an 8-10 sentence narrative of 1-2 paragraphs to compare & contrast the challenges & hardships of the life of the Pueblo Indians in the 18th & 19th centuries with the life of the Pueblo in modern times.

26. Concept Learning Describe Define Explain Give examples Apply Justify
Compare and contrast
Contextualize
Generalize

27. Content Objective ELD Bears
Behavior not observable:
Critical thinking & content clear:
Students will learn how to identify different aspects of a bear and how that helps a bear adapt & survive in its environment.
SWBAT classify physical features of bears according to factors in their environment & the function of each feature that enables the bear to adapt & survive in its environment. Application: Environmental conditions: cold weather; need to dig for or catch food. Physical features: thick fur, long & sharp claws

28. Content Objectives SDAIE Magnitude of Earthquakes
Critical thinking skill not specified:
Indicates critical thinking process & outcomes:
Student will be able to describe the Richter Scale for ranking earthquakes & give Applications of two earthquakes with different ratings.
SWBAT explain cause & effect of the destruction from earthquakes by giving 3-5 reasons why more property damage & loss of life is caused by earthquakes rated higher on the Richter scale. Application: Students will read newspaper articles about damage from two California earthquakes: Northridge, 6.7 in 1994 & Alum Rock, 5.5. in 2007 & explain the extent of damage. Next step will be to compare & contrast the two earthquakes.

29. Key Vocabulary Objectives
State what technical terms, concept words or labels, and other words or expressions students need to discuss, read, or write about the topic of the lesson.
Are based on a determination of whether the vocabulary for the concept or the concept itself is unknown.
Must include “ordinary language” about the topic for ELL with lower levels of language proficiency.

30. Key Vocabulary Objectives Examples (Deforestation)
SWBAT list & define 10 vocabulary words that relate to products and uses of wood.
SWBAT fill in the missing vocabulary words in a cloze procedure paragraph that are associated with the products & uses of wood.
SWBAT label a diagram of the carbon dioxide/oxygen cycle for trees with key terms to describe the processes & products of the cycle.

31. Language Functions Objectives
Define how students will use language in the lesson or demonstrate knowledge of the content.
Must be made explicit for ELL since they may not have mastered the “meta-language” to talk about their thinking about the content.
Often contain a critical thinking or analytical skill (categorize, compare & contrast, etc.)
May refer to sentence frames, use of “signal words” or academic language students need to talk, read & write about a thought process or patterns among facts, concepts & information about the topic.

32. Language Functions Objectives Examples (Deforestation)
SWBAT compare and contrast the CO2/oxygen production of a thinly populated or depleted forest and a richly populated healthy forest.
SWBAT classify rain forest plants and animals according to the forest layer they inhabit.
SWBAT write a persuasive essay to convince the reader that they should become active in efforts to save the Amazon rain forest.

33. Lesson Task Objectives
Require analysis of the linguistic demands of a task in relationship to ELL students’ level of English language proficiency. Ex: Do students know the format for writing a report or does this require explicit teaching?
Require analysis of the text students’ will read. Ex: Does the text have features that support students’ reading comprehension such as definitions of key vocabulary, graphs & charts to display data, maps, etc.?

34. Lesson Task Objectives Examples (Deforestation)
SWBAT summarize the main points from an editorial about why we should save the Amazon rain forest and rate the degree of persuasiveness of each point on a four-point scale from unconvincing to very convincing.
SWBAT draw a flow chart showing the process of making paper and label each step with a complete descriptive sentence based on a written text description of the process.

35. Grammar or Language Structures
Describe spoken & written discourse patterns such as questioning patterns, verb tenses, paragraph writing, pronoun usage.
May define specific word study processes and outcomes, such as prefixes & suffixes for descriptive words or for making comparisons.
Require the use of language structures in context as well as explicit instruction in pre-teaching or analyzing authentic text. Avoid artificial or de-contextualized grammar & word study.

36. Grammar or Language Structures Examples
SWBAT change the verbs in a two-paragraph passage from present tense to past tense using regular and irregular verbs.
SWBAT convert statements to questions using the correct form of the auxiliary verb «to do» in the present tense.
SWBAT use the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and correct phrases to compare three people objects: Ex. tall, taller, tallest; short, shorter, shortest

37. Language Learning Strategies
Define self-monitoring & self-correcting strategies such as making & confirming predictions.
Support students in using strategies to locate information within a text: Ex. Students will find “embedded definitions” within a text.
Often involve translation or transformation of language or text into another form, such as outlining, paraphrasing, retelling in students’ own words, or representing information graphically.
Address skills students need to help them when they don’t understand or “get stuck” with unfamiliar language or content.

38. Language Learning Strategies Examples (Deforestation)
SWBAT retell the story or complaint of one character from the book The Great Kapoc Tree in his/her own words.
SWBAT convert a narrative passage about a trip down the Amazon river into a short dialogue between three of the travelers.
SWBAT identify ten idiomatic expressions in a the book the Great Kapoc Tree or another familiar story or chapter of a novel about the rain forests and write the expression in «ordinary» language using correct grammar and terms.

39. References
Cooper, J.M. (Ed.) (1994).Classroom Teaching Skills, 5th Edition. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co.
Echevarría, J., Vogt, M. & Short, D.J. (2010). Making Content Comprehensible for English Learners: The SIOP Model. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.