1. Writing the Constitution Unit 4

2. Significant Dates: 1776 - The Declaration of Independence 1787- Constitution Written 1788 - Constitution Ratified 1791 - Bill of Rights added to the Constitution

3. Writing of the Articles of Confederation ★ Second Continental Congress - 1776 ★ Created a new government for the independent colonies ★ 1st constitution in the United States

4. Writing the Articles of Confederation ★ Included one branch 1 representative from each of the former colonies ★ financing war ★ treaty negotiations ★ avoided a powerful executive

5. Writing the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was also known as a “firm league of friendship.”

6. “Firm League of Friendship” each state keeps its sovereignty, freedom and independence

7. Strengths of the AOC The result of a great fear regarding a tyrannical leader (KG3) was that the states kept most of their power, while limiting the power of the federal government This is known as states rights.

8. Strengths of the AOC ★ each state had equal representation in congress ★ congress could make war ★ congress could make peace; sign treaties ★ congress could raise an army & navy ★ congress could print money ★ congress could set up a postal service

9. Weaknesses of the AOC ★ congress had no power to tax ★ no federal court system ★ weak federal government ★ couldn’t regulate commerce ★ No federal leaders ★ limited military

10. Weaknesses of AOC No power to tax. This meant: ★ government couldn’t get revenue to pay for army and other national interests ★ had to ask the states for money; states would ignore the plea

11. Weaknesses of AOC No federal court system. This meant: ★ couldn’t settle disputes between states

12. Weaknesses of AOC Lacked a strong federal government. This meant: ★ reduced the ability of the government to settle disputes over state boundaries

13. Weaknesses of AOC No power to regulate commerce. This means: ★ couldn’t do anything about the quarrels over taxes on goods that crossed state borders

14. Weaknesses of AOC No federal leader. This means: ★ no executive to lead the country ★ scared of having another KG3

15. Weaknesses of AOC Limited military. This means: ★ no protection

16. Shay’s Rebellion - 6 minutes http://youtu.be/3ImIEcsTEVo

17. Shay’s Rebellion ★ proved the federal government was weak & the federal government couldn’t keep order This meant: A stronger federal government was needed.

18. “Back to the drawing board”

19. Writing the Constitution ★ How do they strengthen the federal government? ★ How do they address representation? ★ How do they tackle slavery and representation?

20. Writing the Constitution Strengthening the federal government: ★ created an executive, legislative and judicial branch

21. Writing the Constitution Representation in congress problem: ★ The Virginia Plan- large states wanted representation to be based on population ★ The New Jersey Plan - small states wanted equal representation between all states

22. Writing the Constitution How should slaves in the south be counted regarding population and taxation? ★ People in the south wanted their slave population to be counted. ★ People in the north didn’t want the slave population to be counted.

23. The Great Compromise ★ It is written in the Constitution that there would be a two house legislature.

24. The Great Compromise Two House (bicameral) Legislature: This means: ★ House of Representatives - based on population (Virginia Plan) ★ Senate - based on equal representation (New Jersey Plan)

25. ⅗ Compromise ★ three-fifths of the slave population in the south would be counted towards: *direct taxes on the states *representation in congress

26. Colonial Grievances ★ Colonial grievances that were listed in The Declaration of Independence were addressed in The Constitution. Grievances: In The Declaration Solutions: In The Constitution

27. Colonial Grievances Grievance: Taxation without representation Solution: All states are represented in congress

28. Colonial Grievances Grievance: KG3 had absolute power Solution: Congress had the power to override the President with the power of veto

29. Colonial Grievances Grievance: Colonists were not allowed to speak out against KG3 Solution: 1st amendment - Freedom of speech

30. Colonial Grievances Grievance: Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops Solution: 4th amendment - No quartering of troops

31. Colonial Grievances Grievance: KG3 allowed homes to be searched without a warrant Solution: 4th amendment - No unwarranted search and seizure

32. Colonial Grievances Grievance: No trial by jury of peers Solution: 6th amendment - Speedy & public trial 7th amendment - Right to a trial by jury

33. Influence of ideas from historical documents on The Constitution Magna Carta: 1215 limited the power of the king Influence on The Constitution: constitutional limits of power of the central government

34. Influence of ideas from historical documents on The Constitution English Bill of Rights: listed individual rights Influence on The Constitution: model for the Bill of Rights

35. Influence of ideas from historical documents on The Constitution Mayflower Compact:1620 ★ written by the Pilgrims ★ established self-government & majority rule Influence on The Constitution: self-government & majority rule

36. Influence of ideas from historical documents on The Constitution Federalist Papers: ★ supported ratification of The Constitution ★ desired a strong central government with restricted powers Influence on The Constitution: ★ strong central government ★ with separation of powers and check and balances

37. Influence of ideas from historical documents on The Constitution Anti- Federalist Papers: ★ opposed ratification of The Constitution because it didn’t include a Bill of Rights that protected individual rights Influence on The Constitution: ★ Bill of Rights was added after The Constitution was ratified in 1791.

38. Federalists ★ argued for a stronger federal government ★ approved ratification of the Constitution

39. Federalists ★ Wanted a stronger government because under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government was weak. ★ A weak national government set the United States up for failure. (Shay’s Rebellion)

40. Federalists ★ James Madison ★ John Jay ★ Alexander Hamilton

41. Federalists James Madison: ★ “Father of the Constitution” ★ helped write the Federalist Papers ★ wrote the “Bill of Rights”

42. Federalists James Madison: ★ wrote the first ten amendments to compromise with the Anti-federalists

43. Federalists John Jay: ★ helped James Madison write the Federalist Papers

44. Federalists Alexander Hamilton: ★ Used the “necessary and proper clause” to justify forming a national bank ★ He said it was necessary and proper for the United States economy to form a national bank

45. Federalists Necessary and proper clause of the U.S. Constitution:

46. Anti-federalists ★ states should retain their power ★ believed that the Constitution should protect individual rights ★ opposed ratifying Constitution without a Bill of Rights

47. Anti-federalists ★ Wanted the states to keep their power and avoid a powerful executive. ★ Believed the American Revolution was fought to get away from a strong central government. (KGIII)

48. ★ Patrick Henry ★ George Mason Anti-Federalists

49. Anti-federalists Patrick Henry: ★ opposed the idea of a strong central government so much that he refused to attend the Philadelphia Convention ★ He said he “smelled a rat”

50. Anti-Federalists “Give me liberty or give me death” Patrick Henry

51. Anti-Federalists George Mason: ★ anti-federalist leader ★ believed in restricting government power ★ supported individual rights

52. Anti-Federalists George Mason: ★ The reason he supported protection of individual rights was to prevent the government from abusing their power.

53. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Plymouth Colony: ★ 1620-1691 ★ self-governing churches

54. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Plymouth Colony: ★ Self-governing churches were significant because each church congregation was independent. ★ Each congregation elected their own pastor and officers. ★ Evidence of representative government developing.

55. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States 17th Century Massachusetts Bay Colony: ★ founded by Roger Williams to escape religious persecution ★ close ties to Puritan Church ★ fairly democratic - held some elections

56. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Massachusetts Bay Colony: ★ Roger Williams was banished ★ Church was tied too closely to the state government. ★ He wanted separation of church and state.

57. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Rhode Island 1636: ★ founded by Roger Williams after he was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony ★ there would be separation of church and state in Rhode Island

58. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Pennsylvania 1681-1776: ★ founded by William Penn ★ established a colonial government that provided political freedom & guaranteed religious freedom

59. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Maryland: ★ a safe haven for persecuted Catholics ★ became Protestants vs. Catholics ★ led to 1649 Maryland Toleration Act

60. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Maryland: 1649 Maryland Toleration Act - allowed religious freedom to all Christians

61. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Virginia 1786: The Virginia Act for Establishing Religious Freedom ★ Written by Thomas Jefferson ★ first state to recognize church and state ★ guaranteed the right to practice religion free from government interference

62. Development of Religious Freedom in the United States Bill of Rights 1791: ★ guaranteed the right to practice religion without government interference. ★ guarantees freedom from a government church (separation of church and state)

63. Why is religious freedom important? Americans can worship however they choose. ★ This leads to a variety of peaceful worship within a community ★ No government interference with religious beliefs ★ No state/government churches

64. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 1st amendment: freedom of religion, assembly, petition, press, and speech

65. Why is free speech and press important in a constitutional republic? ★ allow for protection of individual rights ★ free to express ideas, information and opinions that are free of government restrictions

66. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 2nd amendment: the right to bear arms

67. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 3rd amendment: No quartering of troops

68. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 4th amendment: No illegal search and seizure

69. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 5th amendment: ★ right to due process ★ not to be tried for the same crime twice ★ you dont; have to testify against yourself

70. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 6th amendment: ★ right to a speedy trial ★ right to a trial by jury ★ right to an attorney

71. Individual Rights protected by the Bil of Rights 7th amendments: right to trials by jury in civil cases

72. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 8th amendment: no excessive bail or punishment

73. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 9th amendment: rights of the people that are not specified in the Bill of Rights

74. Individual Rights protected by the Bill of Rights 10th amendments: rights to the states