1. REPORTED SPEECH AND DIRECT SPEECH Use these explanations to better understand the tale: “The Elephant’s Child”

2. REPORTED SPEECH SAY-TELL SAY-TELL SAY is used in direct and reported speech, it is followed by a that-clause. E.g. “I won’t go to Japan,” she said or she said that she wouldn’t go to Japan. SAY is used in direct and reported speech, it is followed by a that-clause. E.g. “I won’t go to Japan,” she said or she said that she wouldn’t go to Japan. TELL is used in reported speech and has to be followed by a personal direct object (me, you, him, her, etc.) E.g. “I won’t go to Japan,” she said to me Or She told me (that) she wouldn’t go to Japan.

3. SOME USEFUL EXPRESSIONS WITH SAY AND TELL SAY SAY Say good morning, say something, say one’s prayers, say a few words, say so, say no more, say for certain, say for sure. TELL TELL Tell the truth, tell a lie, tell the time, tell a story, tell sb a secret, tell sb the way, tell sb’s fortune, tell the difference. sb= somebody

4. REPORTED STATEMENTS Reported statements are usually introduced with say (that) or tell (that). E.g. “I am learning Spanish,” she said. Reported statements are usually introduced with say (that) or tell (that). E.g. “I am learning Spanish,” she said. She said (that) she was learning Spanish Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to context. E.g. “I met a lot of people at the party,” he said. Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to context. E.g. “I met a lot of people at the party,” he said. He said that he had met a lot of people at the party.

5. TENSES CHANGE in Reported Speech as follows: Present Simple  Past Simple Present Simple  Past Simple E.g. “She makes clothes,” he said.  He said (that) she made clothes. Present Continuous  Past Continuous Present Continuous  Past Continuous E.g. “She is making a cake,” he said.  He said (that) she was making a cake. Past Simple/ Present Perfect  Past Perfect Past Simple/ Present Perfect  Past Perfect E.g. “She made/has made a cake,” he said.  He said (that) she had made a cake. Future Simple  would + bare infinitive Future Simple  would + bare infinitive E.g. “She’ll make a cake,” he said.  He said (that) she would make a cake. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous do not change in Reported Speech. Past Simple Changes to Past Perfect or remains the same. When the reported sentence contains a time clause, the tenses of the time clause do not change. E.g. “ I left when it was getting dark,” he said.  He said (that) he left/ had left when it was getting dark.

6. TENSES DO NOT CHANGE in Reported Speech when: The reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the Present Perfect. The reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the Present Perfect. E.g. “ I’ve always enjoyed going for long walks on the beach,” she said.  She said that she’s always enjoyed going for long walks on the beach. The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions. The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions. E.g. “February the 14 th is Valentine’s Day,” he said.  He said that February the 14 th is Valentine’s Day. The reported sentence deals with type 2/ type 3 conditionals, wishes, or unreal past. The reported sentence deals with type 2/ type 3 conditionals, wishes, or unreal past. E.g. “OK boys, it’s time you went to bed,” Mother said to us.  Mother said to us it was time we went to bed. The speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up to date). The speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up to date). E.g. “the water is very cold,” he said.  He said that the water is very cold.

7. TIME WORDS time words can change or remain the same depending on the time reference: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Tonight, today, this week/ month/ year That night, that day, that week/ month/ year Now Then, at the time, at once, immediately Yesterday, last night, week/month/ year The day before, the previous night/week/ month/ year Tomorrow, next week/month/year The following/ next week/month/year Two days/months/ years ago Two days/months/ years before

8. REPORTED QUESTIONS Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder, want to know, etc. We use affirmative word order and the questions mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are omitted. Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder, want to know, etc. We use affirmative word order and the questions mark becomes a full stop. Inverted commas are omitted. To report a question we use: To report a question we use: a) ask + question word (who, where, which, when, how, etc.) when the direct question begins with a question word. E.g. “How can I ever thank you?” she asked.  She asked how she could ever thank me. E.g. “How can I ever thank you?” she asked.  She asked how she could ever thank me. And b) ask + if/whether when the direct question begins with and auxiliary verb (can, do, have, etc). E.g. “Could you tell me how to open the cupboard?” he asked.  He asked if I could tell him how to open the cupboard. Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc. change as in statements. Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words, etc. change as in statements. E.g. “When are you having your party?”  She wondered when I was having my party.

9. ASSIGNMENT Carefully read all the statements in the tale: “The Elephant’s Child” that show direct speech and change them to reported speech taking into account the explanations you just reviewed. Check your answers with your classmates and teacher in class.

10. Change to reported Speech the following Statements and Questions:

11. One fine morning in the middle of the Precession of the Equinoxes this 'satiable Elephant's Child asked a new fine question that he had never asked before. He asked, "What does the crocodile have for dinner?" One fine morning in the middle of the Precession of the Equinoxes this 'satiable Elephant's Child asked a new fine question that he had never asked before. He asked, "What does the crocodile have for dinner?"

12. By and by, when that was finished, he came upon Kolokolo Bird sitting in the middle of a wait-a-bit thornbush, and he said, "My father has spanked me, and my mother has spanked me; all my aunts and uncles have spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity; and still I want to know what the Crocodile has for dinner!" By and by, when that was finished, he came upon Kolokolo Bird sitting in the middle of a wait-a-bit thornbush, and he said, "My father has spanked me, and my mother has spanked me; all my aunts and uncles have spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity; and still I want to know what the Crocodile has for dinner!"thornbush

13. The Kolokolo Bird said, with a mournful cry, "Go to the banks of the great grey- green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees, and find out." The Kolokolo Bird said, with a mournful cry, "Go to the banks of the great grey- green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees, and find out."mournful

14. That very next morning, when there was nothing left of the Equinoxes, because the Precession had preceded according to precedent, this 'satiable Elephant's Child took a hundred pounds of bananas (the little short red kind), and a hundred pounds of sugar-cane (the long purple kind), and seventeen melons (the greeny-crackly kind), and said to all his dear families, "Good-bye. I am going to the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees, to find out what the Crocodile has for dinner." And they all spanked him once more for luck, though he asked them most politely to stop. That very next morning, when there was nothing left of the Equinoxes, because the Precession had preceded according to precedent, this 'satiable Elephant's Child took a hundred pounds of bananas (the little short red kind), and a hundred pounds of sugar-cane (the long purple kind), and seventeen melons (the greeny-crackly kind), and said to all his dear families, "Good-bye. I am going to the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River, all set about with fever-trees, to find out what the Crocodile has for dinner." And they all spanked him once more for luck, though he asked them most politely to stop.

15. 'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child most politely, "but have you seen such a thing as a Crocodile in these promiscuous parts?" 'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child most politely, "but have you seen such a thing as a Crocodile in these promiscuous parts?"promiscuous

16. Have I seen a crocodile?" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake, in a voice of dretful scorn. "What will you ask me next?" Have I seen a crocodile?" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake, in a voice of dretful scorn. "What will you ask me next?" “Scuse me,” said the Elephant's Child, "but could you kindly tell me what he has for dinner?" “Scuse me,” said the Elephant's Child, "but could you kindly tell me what he has for dinner?"

17. "That is odd," said the Elephant's Child, "because my father and mother, and my uncle and my aunt, not to mention my other aunt, the Hippopotamus, and my other uncle, the Baboon, have all spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity--and I suppose this is the same thing." "That is odd," said the Elephant's Child, "because my father and mother, and my uncle and my aunt, not to mention my other aunt, the Hippopotamus, and my other uncle, the Baboon, have all spanked me for my 'satiable curtiosity--and I suppose this is the same thing."

18. "Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile. "Why do you ask such things?" "Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile. "Why do you ask such things?"hither Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "for I am the Crocodile," and he wept crocodile tears to show it was quite true. Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "for I am the Crocodile," and he wept crocodile tears to show it was quite true. "Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "and I'll whisper." "Come hither, Little One," said the Crocodile, "and I'll whisper." "I think," said the Crocodile--and he said it between his teeth, like this--"I think to-day I will begin with Elephant's Child!" "I think," said the Crocodile--and he said it between his teeth, like this--"I think to-day I will begin with Elephant's Child!" At this, O Best Beloved, the Elephant's Child was much annoyed, and he said, speaking through his nose, like this, "Led go! You are hurtig be!" At this, O Best Beloved, the Elephant's Child was much annoyed, and he said, speaking through his nose, like this, "Led go! You are hurtig be!"annoyed

19. "What are you doing that for?" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "What are you doing that for?" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but my nose is badly out of shape, and I am waiting for it to shrink " "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but my nose is badly out of shape, and I am waiting for it to shrink "shrink "Then you will have to wait a long time," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "Some people do not know what is good for them." "Then you will have to wait a long time," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "Some people do not know what is good for them."

20. "Vantage number one!" said the Bi-Coloured-Python- Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere- smear nose. Try and eat a little now.” "Vantage number one!" said the Bi-Coloured-Python- Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere- smear nose. Try and eat a little now.” smear "'Vantage number two!" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere- smear nose. Don't you think the sun is very hot here?" "'Vantage number two!" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere- smear nose. Don't you think the sun is very hot here?" "'Vantage number three!" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere-smear nose. Now how do you feel about being spanked again?" "'Vantage number three!" said the Bi- Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "You couldn't have done that with a mere-smear nose. Now how do you feel about being spanked again?" "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but I should not like it at all." "'Scuse me," said the Elephant's Child, "but I should not like it at all." "How would you like to spank somebody?" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "How would you like to spank somebody?" said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock-Snake. "I should like it very much indeed," said the Elephant's Child. "I should like it very much indeed," said the Elephant's Child. "Well," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock- Snake, "you will find that new nose of yours very useful to spank people with." "Well," said the Bi-Coloured-Python-Rock- Snake, "you will find that new nose of yours very useful to spank people with." "Thank you," said the Elephant's child, "I'll remember that; and now I think I'll go home to all my dear families and try." "Thank you," said the Elephant's child, "I'll remember that; and now I think I'll go home to all my dear families and try."

21. One dark evening he came back to all his dear families, and he coiled up his trunk and said, "How do you do?" They were very glad to see him, and immediately said, "Come here and be spanked for your 'satiable curtiosity." One dark evening he came back to all his dear families, and he coiled up his trunk and said, "How do you do?" They were very glad to see him, and immediately said, "Come here and be spanked for your 'satiable curtiosity." "Pooh," said the Elephant's Child. "I don't think you people's know anything about spanking; but I do, and I'll show you." "Pooh," said the Elephant's Child. "I don't think you people's know anything about spanking; but I do, and I'll show you." Then he uncurled his trunk and knocked two of his dear brothers head over heels. Then he uncurled his trunk and knocked two of his dear brothers head over heels. "O Bananas!" said they, "Where did you learn that trick, and what have you done to your nose?“ "O Bananas!" said they, "Where did you learn that trick, and what have you done to your nose?“ "I got a new one from the Crocodile on the banks of the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River," said the Elephant's Child. "I asked him what he had for dinner, and he gave me this to keep." "I got a new one from the Crocodile on the banks of the great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River," said the Elephant's Child. "I asked him what he had for dinner, and he gave me this to keep." "It looks very ugly," said his hairy uncle, the Baboon. "It looks very ugly," said his hairy uncle, the Baboon. "It does," said the Elephant's Child. "But it's very useful," and he picked up his hairy uncle, the Baboon, by one hairy leg, and hove him into a hornets' nest. "It does," said the Elephant's Child. "But it's very useful," and he picked up his hairy uncle, the Baboon, by one hairy leg, and hove him into a hornets' nest.

22. Good Job Good Job and Congratulations if you’ve made it this far!!