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Published byGustavo Isett Modified over 10 years ago
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Child Development
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Lecture Outline: What develops? How does it develop? How do we know? What drives development? ----- break----- Nature vs. Nurture? How to make a better baby?
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What Develops?
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What do babies have at the start? Reflexes grasp, sucking Perception hearing (loudness, pitch, mom) vision (brightness, color, faces?) < 4ft. integration of both (head-turns)
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So, where do they have to get to?
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How does it develop?
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How does development happen? Differentiation cell division & behavior Growth bigger brain, bigger body more connections
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How does development happen? Orderly and Sequentially… Motor Development (sit up, crawl, walk, etc.) LanguageDevelopment (coo, babble, one-word,etc.)
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How does development happen? In stages? According to Piaget: sensory-motor stage (0-2) preoperational stage (2-7) concrete operations (7-11) formal operations (11-on)
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Sensory-Motor Stage (0-2) Child is dealing with: “object permanence” (peek-a-boo) “A not B” problem (objects--actions) “lay physics” (magic & Baillargeon) beginning of representational thought (words & gestures)
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Preoperational Stage (2-7) Child is dealing with: conservation (liquid, mass, number) egocentrism (not in an obnoxious way) “theory of mind” (false-belief, a/r) What do these have in common?
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Formal & Concrete Operations Child (adolescent) is working on: mentally relating representations (4+1= odd & 6+1= odd) then abstract and hypothetical thoughts (any even number + 1= odd) plus, puberty…
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How do we know?
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Sucking (HAS) Looking (preferentially) Habituation (distinction) Pointing Answering questions (task demands) Affective response (qualitative?) Brain imaging (ERP’s)
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What drives development?
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Mechanisms Biological maturation gene expression (proteins) information processing (packing the trunk) Learning Piaget-- assimilation and accomodation Vygotsky--scaffolding
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THE BIG DEBATE: NATURE VS. NURTURE
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NATURE? GENETIC TRANSMISSION: 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES EACH HAS CA. 1,000 GENES GENE PAIRS--recessive/dominant POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
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NATURE? FROM GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE GENES --> PROTEINS --> BIOCHEM SEQUENCES --> TRAITS, HORMONES, & NEUROCHEMICALS --> CHARACTERISTICS & BEHAVIOR
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What is inherited? tiger
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Twin studies monozygotic dizygotic
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NURTURE? EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT How does each cell with same genes develop into different parts? Physical environment! (salamander) How does each baby with same structures develop into different people?
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NURTURE? AFTER BIRTH Social environment (family, peers) Economic environment Cultural environment Etc…
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HOW TO MAKE A BETTER BABY…
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In parents’ the genes…
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Or in the parents’ hands…
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“BETTER?” Smarter? Happier? Healthier? More creative? More athletic? Earlier?
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How?
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From rat studies to baby toys… (Turner & Greenough, 1985) What about pre-natal Mozart? (UC Irvine, 1993)
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What does the child need? nutrition stimulation care & interaction from parent certain exposure during sensitive (critical?) periods good childcare & social interaction
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What doesn’t the child need? The “perfect” experiment… …your homework.
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