1. Incineration & landfilling
Håkan Jönsson
Professor
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

2. Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration
Renewable fuel: 80-90% of Swedish household waste is renewable (incineration tax assumed 87.4%)
Heating value: 2,5-3,2-4 kWh/kg, 9-11,5-14 MJ/kg
Heterogeneous ”dirty” fuel
Extensive flue gas cleaning necessary
Large plants
Storage needed but difficult
Even production over the year
Difficult when biowaste is included
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

3. Department of Energy and Technology
Waste incineration 2008
29 incineration plants for household waste, 4.6 Mton/yr, of which 2.3 Mton/yr household waste
Sizes; > /yr 7 plants (Sthlm, Gbg, Lin, Mö, Stje, Svall, Ua), /yr 4 plants and < /yr 18 plants
Energy recovery 12.2 TWh heat (29% of district heating) & 1.5 TWh electricity (1% of electricity use)
Mass decreases by 75%, volume by 90%.
Residues: slag 20%, fly ash 3-5% (hazardous waste)
Initially introduced for mass and volume reduction
Update
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

4. Department of Energy and Technology
Air emissions
Substance
1985
1996
2002
2005
2008
Reduction 85-08
Particles,ton
420 33 35 39 30
93%
HCl, ton
8400
412
143 98
100%
SOx, ton
3400
1121
790
310
154
95%
NOx, ton
1463
1815
1904
2190
35%
Hg, kg
3300 77 21 44
99%
Cd, kg
400 8
15 (Cd+Tl)
21 (Cd+Tl)
6 (Cd+Tl)
>98%
Pb, kg
25 000
214
138
136
Dioxins, g 90 2
1.1
0,8
De totala utsläppen av kvicksilver var 37 , vilket motsvarade 0,0041 g per person. Detta kan jämföras med att 0,01 g kvicksilver per person årligen används till amalgam.
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

5. GRAABS plant, Gothenburg
Look for new one
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

6. Waste incinerator - Uganda
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

7. An advanced incineration system
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

8. Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas - pollutants
Particles
Filter – electrostatic and/or textile filters
NOx Fee 50 SEK/kg NOx (Total 688 milj SEK)
Ammonia injection: 4 NH3 + 6 NO -> 5 N2 + 6 H2O; 4 NH3 + 4 NO +O2 -> 4 N2 + 6 H2O
In furnace SNCR (Selctive Non-Cathalytic Reduction – °C, 40-60% reduction)
After furnace SCR (Selective Cathalytic Reduction – °C, 70-90% reduction)
HCl
Alkaline treatment (lime)
SOx
Heavy metals
Removed with particles and acids
Dioxin
Attaches to active C, removed with particles at low temperature
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

9. Flue gas cleaning - filters
Cyclone
Electro filter
Textile filter (slangfilter)
Scrubber
Ill: Niro A/S
Figure of cyclone
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

10. Department of Energy and Technology
Important parameters
Temperature
Retention time
Oxygen
Turbulence
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

11. Sources of dioxin in Sweden
Fig: Persson, 2005
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

12. Department of Energy and Technology
Incineration plants
Grate furnaces (Rosterpannor)
Most common
accepts large “particles”
sensitive for varying energy content
hard to control – much fuel in system
grates need water cooling if waste is dry
Fluidised bed roaster (Fluidbäddpanna)
Easier to control and adjust to fuel
Shreading necessary - (max 10 cm)
Fluidised bed roaster
Get a picture of a fluidized be roaster
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Ill: Berman & Dille, Westinghouse

13. A modern incineration plant
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

14. Department of Energy and Technology
Flue gas cleaning
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

15. Incineration hazardous waste
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

16. Department of Energy and Technology
Landfill
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

17. The different stages of a landfill
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

18. Department of Energy and Technology
Water flows
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

19. Land fill and water flows
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

20. Department of Energy and Technology
Requirements on liner
Tid Flöde
200 år <5 l/m2, år
50 år <50 l/m2, år
1 år
Fig: Persson, 2005
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

21. Hydrological considerations
Fig: Persson, 2005
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

22. Collection of landfill gas
2003: 414 GWh to district heating, 26 WGWh electricity and 60 GWh not used.
Fig: Persson, 2005
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

23. A well managed sanitary landfill
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

24. Department of Energy and Technology
Top and bottom liner
Fig: Persson, 2005
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology

25. Liners - hazardous waste
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology
Fig: Persson, 2005

26. Landfill –biowaste banned
EU Directive fully implemented 2008
Containment of waste
Biowaste goes anaerobic
Org C -> CH4 & CO2
Greenhouse gas, 50% collected (optimistic figure), 10% oxidised
Risk of fire
Sinking – top liner damaged – more leachate
Nutrients and heavy metals leaches
Aim: totally sealed
Håkan Jönsson
Department of Energy and Technology