1. AP Statistics
February 27, 2012

2. AP Statistics B warm-up Monday, February 27, 2012
Write out the general addition rule of Chapter 15. How does it differ from the addition rule of Chapter 14?
30% of all Americans are overweight, 35% have high blood-pressure, and 23% are both overweight and suffer from high blood pressure
a) What percentage of Americans have high blood pressure but are not overweight?
b) What percentage of Americans either have high blood-pressure or are overweight, but are not suffering from both?
c) What percentage of Americans do not suffer from either high blood-pressure or overweightness (which probably isn’t a word)?
Answers are on the next slide.

3. Answers to warmup Monday, February 27, 2012.
Draw a diagram (“Make a picture, make a picture, make a picture!”) (C’mon, somebody go to the board and draw a Venn diagram before I give you the answers!) Push the space bar to display the answers.
a) 12% (which = 35% who have high blood-pressure minus 23% who are both overweight and suffer from high blood pressure
b) 19% (Add the 12% from 2 a) to 7% who are overweight but do not have high blood pressure (subtract 23% (both overweight and high blood-pressure) from 30% who are overweight))
c) 58% (42% have some combination of being overweight and having high blood-pressure)

4. Outline for today Monday, February 27, 2012
Ms. Thien reports that you’d like to review problems 14, 15, 16, and 24 from Chapter 15. Most of today will be spent going through these.
I working at getting smaller sound files to embed in the PowerPoints. Friday’s was 185 megabytes. I’m striving to get them small enough (5-10 megs) so that I can post them on the Garfield web site and you can download them with the sound.
Please text or me comments….what you liked, what you hated, just so that’s it’s feedback.
You can stop the display, but make sure you go to the final slide (#49) by the end of the period, since it has tomorrow’s homework assignment.

5. Problem 14: birth order, take 2
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture 52 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223

6. How do we determine conditional probabilities using a table
How do we determine conditional probabilities using a table? (problem 14(b)
Pick the row (or column) that follows “given” or “for A…..” or similar statement
E.g., here: “Among Arts and Sciences, students…..” (Ch. 15, problem 14(b))
Pick the column (or row) that corresponds to the “probability”
Here, “the probability that a student was second child or more”?
The intersection of the column and row in the table is the numerator
The “total” at the end of the first column or row that you picked in #1 above is the denominator

7. Yellow=first row we pick “Arts & Sciences” Red=column we pick next 23=numerator 57=denominator
Birth Order
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture 52 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223
Answer: 23/57 = 40.35% or

8. We could also do it by picking a column first (yellow) and then a row (red)
E.g., Given that a person is a second child, what is the probability that they will be enrolled in Agriculture? (this is similar to problem 14(c))
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture 52 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223
So here, the probability is 41/110, which equals , or 37.27%.

9. Distinguishing probabilities
What we’ve just done is a conditional probability.
The problems also ask for absolute probabilities, i.e., the probabilities that you will draw any specific person at random.
For this, the analysis is a bit different.

10. Absolute (universal) probabilities
Somebody read problem 14(a) for the class.
Here, we need to establish the probabilities for EVERYTHING inside the table.
The key is that we divide each entry of the table by the total number of students (that is, the entry in the bottom row, last column)…here, 223.

11. So here’s what your table of probabilities should look like
Birth Order
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences
34 (34/223)
15.25%
23 (23/223)
10.31% 57
Agriculture
52 (52/223)
23.32%
41 (41/223)
18.39% 93
Human Ecology
15 (15/223)
6.73%
28 (28/223)
12.56% 43
Other
12 (12/223)
5.38%
18 (18/223) 30
113
110
223
Note: it’s easier and faster to calculate this on Excel than with a calculator!

12. Problems 14 (c), (d), and (e)
(No audio on this slide)
Take 5 minutes or so and recalculate the probabilities for Problems (c), (d) and (e)
When you’re done, push the space bar and I’ll show you another way of calculating these.

13. Problem 14(c) Read problem, someone!
Calculate probabilities of second children
Pick A&S (yellow)
Birth Order
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34
23 (23/110)
20.9% 57
Agriculture 52
41 (41/110)
37.27% 93
Human Ecology 15
28 (28/110)
25.45% 43
Other 12
18 (18/110)
16.36% 30
113
110
223

14. Problem 14(d) Pick 1st child column
Calculate probability for Agriculture
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture
52 (52/113)
46.02% 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223

15. Problem 14: birth order, take 2
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture 52 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223

16. Problem 14(e)
What is the probability that an Agriculture student is a first or
only child? Answer: 52/93, or 55.91%
Birth Order
First or only
Second or later
Total
Arts and Sciences 34 23 57
Agriculture 52 41 93
Human Ecology 15 28 43
Other 12 18 30
113
110
223

17. Notation in terms of P(B|A)
Let’s rephrase problem 14 in terms of conditional probability: 14(b): P(2nd child|Arts and Science) 14(c): P(Arts & Science|2nd child) 14(d): P(Agriculture|1st or only child) 14(e): P(1st or only child|Agriculture)

18. Comparison of P(B|A) with language of problems (14(b))
14(b): P(2nd child|Arts and Science)
Among the Arts and Sciences students, what’s the probabilibty a student was a second child (or more)?

19. Comparison of P(B|A) with language of problems (14(c))
14(c): P(Arts & Science|2nd child)
Among second children (or more), what’s the probability a student is enrolled in the Arts and Sciences?

20. Comparison of P(B|A) with language of problems (14(d))
14(d): P(Agriculture|1st or only child)
What’s the probability that a first or only child is enrolled in the Agriculture College?

21. Comparison of P(B|A) with language of problems (14(e))
14(e): P(1st or only child|Agriculture)
What is the probability that an Agriculture student is a first or only child?

22. Problem 15
Sick Kids. Seventy percent of kids who visit a doctor have a fever, and 30% of kids with a fever have sore throats. What’s the probability that a kid who goes to the doctor has a fever and a sore throat?

23. Problem 15, sick kids: make a picture, make a picture, make a picture!
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100

24. Problem 15: sick kids
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100

25. Problem 15: sick kids
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
30% of patients who do not have fever
This includes those who have sore throats but no fever 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

26. Problem 15: sick kids
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both?
10%
30% of patients who do not have fever
This includes those who have sore throats but no fever

27. Problem 15: sick kids
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both?
30% of patients who do not have fever
This includes those who have sore throats but no fever
Red=fever AND sore throat Blue= fever alone

28. Problem 15 solution: just count the boxes (each box = 1%) = 21%
70% of patients have fever; 30% of those with fever have sore throat. % of both?
30% of patients who do not have fever
This includes those who have sore throats but no fever 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Red=fever AND sore throat Blue= fever alone

29. How can we solve this faster?
Answer: the General Multiplication Rule, i.e.,

30. General Rule of multiplication
P(AΩB) is what we are looking for, which=? P(AΩB) = P(A) × P(B|A) P(A)= probability of having a fever, which is? 70% P(B|A) = probability of having a sore throat GIVEN that you have a fever, which is? 30% So the answer is 30% of 70%..... ………or 0.3 × 0.7 = 0.21 = 21%. QED.

31. Problem 16
Sick Cars. Twenty percent of cars that are inspected have faulty pollution control system. The costs of repairing a pollution control system exceeds $100 about 40% of the time. When a driver takes a car in for inspection, what’s the probability that she will end up paying more than $100 to repair the pollution control system?

32. Let’s draw a diagram (like problem 15)
Percentage of cars
Cars needing repairs (20%)
Cars that need no repairs (80%)

33. Let’s draw a diagram (like problem 15)
Need repairs Don’t need repairs
>$100
<$100
Answer: 8 cells out of 100, or 8% (0.08)

34. Redoing problem 16 in language/formulas
The driver has a 20% chance of having to repair the pollution control system (P(A)).
If she has to repair the pollution control system, she has a 40% chance of paying more than $100 (P(B|A))
The general multiplication rule has us multiply the two together: 0.2 × 0.4 = 0.08 = 8%.
P(AΩB)=P(A) × P(B|A)

35. Problem 24
On the road again. According to Ex. 4, the probability that a U.S. resident has traveled to Canada is 0.18, to Mexico is 0.09, and to both countries is 0.04.
What is the probability that someone who has traveled to Mexico has visited Canada, too?
Are travel to Mexico and Canada disjoint events? Explain.
Are travel to Mexico and Canada independent events? Explain.

36. Draw the Venn diagram 0.77 Mexico Canada 0.04 0.09-0.04 = 0.05=
0.14

37. Another approach Travel to Mexico Travel to Canada Yes No Total 0.04
0.14
0.18
0.05
0.77
0.82
0.09
0.91
1.00
Travel to Canada

38. Problem 24(a)
What’s the probability that someone who has travelled to Mexico has travelled to Canada?
Use either Venn diagram or table
Total percent of people travelling to Mexico? 9%
Total percent of those travelling to Mexico also travelling to Canada? 4%
4%/9%=0.444=44.4%

39. Problem 24(b)
Are travel to Mexico and Canada disjoint events? Explain.
Disjoint=if A occurs, B cannot occur.
Example: getting a grade. If you get an A, you can’t get a B. You can have a probability of getting an A, or a B, but you can’t get both
Travel is not disjoint because
You can go to both
4% of the population HAS been to both countries!

40. Problem 24(c)
Are travel to Mexico and Canada independent events? Explain.
Independent=one event doesn’t alter the probability of the other occurring
Travel is not independent because
18% of all U.S. residents have been to Mexico.
44.4% of those have also been to Canada
If the events were independent, the probabilities would be equal

41. Today’s lesson “Drawing without replacement”
Usually done with decks of cards, but lots of other uses as well
Examples is on pp of text

42. Visualizing the problem
Draw a picture!
3 Gold (desirable), 4 Silver (less desirable), 5 Wood (we don’t like)
Gold
Silver
Brown

43. You pick one and get gold
Your odds were 3/12 = ¼.
1 less gold (only 2 left)
1 less option (now only 11 choices)
What are the odds of your friend selecting gold? Answer: 2/11
Silver
Brown
Gold

44. Multiplication rule applies
Your odds of getting a Gold were ¼.
The remaining odds of your friend getting Gold on the next draw were 2/11.
Multiply both together to get 2/44 or 1/22 =

45. Problem 17 (p. 364) Rules: you draw three cards, one at a time.
We are looking at probabilities of specific outcome.
Trick: well, not a trick, exactly, but another way of looking at things: recast the question not as the odds of GETTING something, but of NOT getting it.

46. Example: 17(a) (first heart you get is the third card dealt)
The odds of getting a heart are ¼ for the first card dealt (13 hearts out of 52 cards in all)
But the probability is that you DIDN’T get a heart. That’s ¾, or .75 (because there are 39 cards in the deck that aren’t hearts)
So the odds of NOT getting a heart on the first draw is 0.75.

47. Second step (still not getting a heart on the second draw)
Same analysis as before, except the numbers have changed:
The odds of NOT drawing a heart are the number of non-hearts left in the deck, divided by 51 (total cards remaining)
There are still 13 hearts, but now only 38 cards that aren’t hearts.
So new odds of not getting a heart are 38/51.

48. Third step (odds of getting a heart on the third draw after twice not getting any hearts)
Similar, except we now are calculating the odds of GETTING a heart.
Still 13 hearts left, but only 50 cards in the deck.
So odds are 13/50.
Total probabilities = product of all probabilities: (3/4)(38/51)(13/50)= (0.75)(.745)(.26)= = 14.7% (or about 1 out of 7 times)

49. Homework for Tuesday Complete problem 17 and SHOW WORK.
Problems
Read Chapter 16 (it’s short, and we’ll start it tomorrow)
Bring your Globe at Night data tomorrow: we need to enter it by Wednesday if you want extra credit.