1. Welcome to the Hill: Understanding Hill Staff
EANGUS
Welcome to the Hill: Understanding Hill Staff
Publication Date: October 14, 2014
Producer: Chris Danello
Director: Jessica Guzik

2. Staffers Significantly Outnumber Members of Congress
Analysis
The 535 members of Congress are supported by a larger infrastructure of over 13,000 staffers
While most staffers are far less powerful than any member, the most trusted and effective aides of the most senior members may be extremely influential in their own right, and as a conduit to their member
Source: Norm Ornstein and Thomas Mann, “Vital Statistics on Congress,” AEI/Brookings, Chapter 5.

3. Hill Staff Come in Two Forms
Overview of Personal and Committee Congressional Staff
Personal Office Staff
Committee Staff
Line of Reporting
Hired by one member of Congress and only responsible to that member
Hired by chairman or ranking member of committee; nominally work for all Democratic or Republican committee members
Job Overview
Work on combination of policy and constituent-service matters, depending on needs of district
Work exclusively on policy, within area of committee
Issues
Practice over range of issues
Specialize in committee-related issue
Background
More likely to be from district or state of hiring member; tend to have trust of Member
Less likely to be from district or state of chairman or ranking member; tend to be expert in issue area
Number
The average Representative has 14 staffers working form them, average Senator has 30
House committees averaged 68 staff and Senate committees average 46
Sample Titles
Chief of Staff, Legislative Director, Legislative Assistant
Staff Director, Policy Analyst, Committee Counsel
Analysis
The job of a personal staffer is to support the work of one member, while the role of a committee staffer is to assist a committee
Sources: Ida Burdnick, “Congressional Salaries and Allowances,” Congressional Research Service, January 4, 2012; Congressional Management Foundation.

4. Sample Job Titles for Committee and Personal Office Staffers
Despite Variable Titles, Most Staffers Have Similar Jobs
Sample Job Titles for Committee and Personal Office Staffers
More Senior Staff
Title for Personal Office Staffers
Function
Title for Committee Staffers
Chief of Staff, Administrative Assistant
Serve as chief advisor and administrator for member or committee
Staff Director
Legislative Director, Deputy Chief of Staff, Chief Policy Advisor
Act as chief policy advisor, especially on area of committee jurisdiction
Deputy Staff Director, Chief Policy Advisor, Senior Policy Advisor
Counsel, Legislative Counsel
Provide legal advice to member or committee
Counsel, Chief Counsel, General Counsel
Legislative Assistant
Offer guidance on specific policy issue
Legislative Assistant, Policy Advisor, Professional Staff Member
Communications Director, Press Secretary
Speak to media on behalf of member or committee
Office Manger, Systems Administrator
Oversee management of office and facilities
No equivalent
Conduct oversight of government programs within jurisdiction of committee
Investigator, Chief Investigator
Legislative Correspondent
Respond to constituent contacts on behalf of member
Staff Assistant
Answer phones, greet visitors, perform administrative tasks
More Junior Staff
Analysis
While the structure of a committee is different than that of a personal office, most Congressional staffers exist in a relatively similar hierarchy, whether they work for a committee or a single member
Sources: R. Eric Petersen, “Congressional Staff: Duties and Functions of Selected Positions” Congressional Research Service, November 4, 2010; Congressional Management Foundation.

5. Congressional Reporting Structures Are Hierarchical
Sample Organization of a Congressional Office
Member of Congress
Chief of Staff
Policy Staff
Communications Staff
Office Staff
District Staff
Legislative Director/Counsel
Communications Director
Personal Assistant/ Scheduler
District Director
Legislative Aide
Legislative Correspondent
Staff Assistant
District Caseworkers
Analysis
Members of Congress are advised to structure their office into discrete areas, depending on their staffers’ functions
Nonetheless, almost every office will have a unique structure and series of staff duties
The vast Congressional workload means that the day-to-day reporting structure of a Congressional staffer may look very different in practice than on paper
Source: “Hit the Ground Running: 112th Congress Edition,” Office of Rep. Eric Cantor.

6. Committee Staff Can Report to Multiple Bosses
Sample De-Facto Organization of a Congressional Committee
Committee Members
Committee Member
Subcommittee Chair
Committee Chair
Committee Member
Investigations Subcommittee Chair
Committee Staff
Staff Director
Press Secretary
Subcommittee Staff Director
Deputy Staff Director
Chief Counsel
Chief Investigator
Policy Advisors
Issue Experts
Policy Analysts
Investigative Staff
Analysis
Although Congressional committee staff are officially hired by the committee chair or ranking member, some committees (especially Appropriations) will allow subcommittee chairs or even ordinary members to designate staff as their own
Sources: R. Eric Petersen, “Congressional Staff: Duties and Functions of Selected Positions” Congressional Research Service, November 4, 2010; Congressional Management Foundation.

7. Expect to Meet with Staffers During Hill Visits
It is not uncommon for Members to show up halfway through a meeting or leave part of the way through
Member of Congress
Visitors may not realize how highly overscheduled Members are; they average 70-hour weeks when in D.C., often achieved by double-booking meetings
Chief of Staff
Visitors may not expect how often chiefs are in communication with a Member; the tight bond means that chiefs are often delegated to speak for Member to constituents
Meetings are most often scheduled with and run through one or more of these staffers
Legislative Director
Visitors may not expect that LDs tend to be specialists in the policies of the committees on which Member serves; they may focus less on other areas
Legislative Assistant
Visitors may not expect that LAs are very young; their average age is under 29
LCs and SAs may join in meetings as a junior staffer or note-taker
Legislative Correspondent/Staff Assistant
Visitors may not expect that LCs and SAs tend to be even younger than LAs, often recent college grads
Analysis
Because members of Congress are often running from meeting to meeting to vote, staffers will often have more time to devote to a meeting, and be more capable of affecting any takeaway
Sources: “2010 House Compensation Study,” Chief Administrative Officer of the U.S. House of Representatives; “Communicating With Congress,” Congressional Management Foundation, 2011.