1. World Hunger
Fred Boadu, PhD; J.D. (Law) Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station

2. Outline Basic Definitions Overview – The facts
The Location of the Hungry
Overview – The facts
Grain Production and Demand
Factors influencing Food Supply
Land, Labor, Capital, Technology
Other Supply Shifters
Factors influencing Food Demand
Income, Price
Role of Institutions
Government, International Organizations
Conclusions
Millennium Development Goals, Indicators

3. Basic Definitions
Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health. (Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia).
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is by far the most lethal form of malnutrition/hunger and the one referred to when world hunger is referred to. Children are its most visible victims. Malnutrition plays a role in at least half of the 10.9 million child deaths each year (FAO, 2002).
Food Insecurity is when people must live with hunger and fear of starvation (FAO).

5. Regional Proportions
Child Malnutrition
Undernourishment

6. Grain Production and Demand - 2020
Overview – The Facts
Over 800 million people go to bed hungry each night; most of them are women and children, World Food Programme (WFP).
Grain Production and Demand

7. Table 1: Growth Rates of Population and Total Cereal Demand, 1967 - 1997

8. Table 2: Per Capita Cereal Production and Annual Growth Rates in Developing-country Regions,

9. Table 3: Per Capita Meat Demand 1967 and 1997

10. Households, Firms, and Hunger
Some Microeconomics
Households, Firms, and Hunger

11. Factors Influencing Food Demand
Income
Per Capita Income
Price
Other Demand Shifters
Population
Household Size
Household Expenditure

12. Table 4: Population and Per Capita GDP 1967 and 2020

13. Table 4: Population and Per Capita GDP 1967 and 2020 Contd.

14. Table 5: People Living on Less Than $1 and $2 a Day Since 1990 and Projected to 2015

15. Table 6: Income Demand Elasticities, 1967 and 2020

16. Factors Influencing Food Supply
Land
Labor
Capital
Technology
Other Supply Shifters
Land rights and ownership
Diversion of land use to non-productive use
Price
Inefficient agricultural practices
Governance
Lack of Democracy and Rights
Politics
Conflict, Drought, Famine

17. Table 11: Total Projected Investments, Baseline Scenario, 1997-2020

18. Supply Shifters
Poverty is the principal cause of hunger. “There are 1.2 billion poor people in developing countries who live on $1 a day or less. Progress in poverty reduction has been concentrated in Asia, and especially, East Asia. In all the other regions, the number of people in extreme poverty has increased. In sub-Saharan Africa, there were 58 million more poor people in 1999 than in 1990 (Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO, 2002).”
Hunger is also a cause of poverty. By leading to such effects as poor health, low levels of energy, and even mental impairment, hunger can lead to even greater poverty (FAO 2002).
Conflict as a cause of hunger. “Worldwide, there were some 21.5 million refugees and displaced persons in 1999– largely as a result of wars, political turbulence, civil conflict and social unrest (e.g. Afghanistan, the Balkans, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, East Timor, Somalia and Sudan). In such emergencies, malnutrition runs rampant, exponentially increasing the risk of disease and death (World Health Organization 2002).”

19. Factors affecting Food Shortages

20. Role of Institutions Government International Organizations
Freedom and Democracy
Intellectual Property Rights
Patents – World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
International Organizations
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
World and Food Programme (WFP)
World Bank
World Health Organization (WHO)
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) – IITA, CIMMYT, IFPRI, ILRI etc.

21. Table 12: Annual Freedom in the World Country Scores, 2000-2001: Africa

22. Conclusion Millennium Development Goals Indicators
Goal 1 - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day.
Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Indicators
Proportion of population below $1 a day a
National poverty headcount ratio*
Poverty gap ratio at $1 a day (incidence x depth of poverty)
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age)
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption
Source:

23. Table 13: Progress Toward the Poverty Goal and Projections to 2015