5. The Revolutionary.. ‘If’

6. Victor Howard Dudman

7. Mark Thakkar

8. Amyas Merivale

9. …and somebody else

10. The Principles of Ingsoc War is Peace Freedom is Slavery Ignorance is Strength

11. The Principles of Oxlog Sentence determines message Truth is a property of sentences ‘ ’If’ is ‘  ’

12. [A] If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we beat him [B] If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else will [C] If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else would have

13. If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him

15. If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him

16. Hypothetical message (Logical)

17. If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him Habitual message

18. If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him Fantasy message

19. If the door was locked, Grannie jumped in through the window Hypothetical message (Logical)

20. If the door was locked, Grannie jumped in though the window whines, we beat him Habitual message

21. If she misses the last bus, Her Majesty will walk home Fantasy message

22. If she misses the last bus, Her Majesty will walk home Habitual message

23. Stand Alone If P, then Q There is an antecedent

24. If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we beat him.Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy. (YES)

25. If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk home.Her Majesty misses the last bus. (NO)

26. If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy.The vicar annoys Grannie again. (NO)

27. Contraposition If P, then Q If not Q, then not P

28. If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we beat him If nobody else shot Kennedy, then Oswald did (YES)

29. If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk home If Her Majesty will not usually walk home, she doesn’t miss the last bus. (NO)

30. If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy If Grannie will show mercy, the vicar doesn’t annoy Grannie again. (NO)

31. Time and Tense Tense: time registered by form Time: time the message is about

32. If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we beat him Tense: Past Time: Past (Tense = Time)

33. If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk home whines, we beat him Tense: Present Time: Present (Tense = Time)

34. If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy Tense: Present Time: Future (Tense < Time)

35. If Grannie commits suicide, she will make it look like murder Tense: Present Time about: Future

36. If Grannie commited suicide, she would make it look like murder Tense: Past Time about: Future

37. If the accountants had come tomorrow, they would have found our books in order Tense: Past past Time about: Future

38. If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else will Tense: Present Time about: Future

39. If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else would have. Tense: Past Past Time about: Past

40. Logical messages Pass Stand-Alone Contrapose Tense = Time

41. Habitual messages Fail Stand-Alone Don’t contrapose Tense = Time

42. Fantasy messages Fail Stand-Alone Don’t contrapose Tense < Time

43. Non-logical hypothetical messages The dog – if it was a dog – ran off If it rained, it didn’t rain hard If the Mayor is married, his wife did not accompany him

44. Non-logical hypothetical messages If it didn’t run off, it wasn’t a dog If it rained hard, it didn’t rain If his wife did accompany him, the Mayor is not married

45. Non-logical hypothetical messages Pass Stand-Alone Don’t Contrapose Tense = Time

46. [A] If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we beat him [B] If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else will [C] If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else would have

47. Logical messages … … are condensed arguments

48. If P, then Q P. So Q

49. If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy …then somebody else did

50. Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy So: Somebody else did

51. Logical messages Cannot have truth-values Their standard is deductive validity

52. Habitual messages Do have truth-values They are propositions - claims of fact about their tenses.

53. Fantasy messages Cannot have truth-values Are not propositions Are justified by inductive reasoning

54. The Bad News Almost every prelim examination over the last few years has misunderstood all this.

55. The Good News Your tutors can cope

59. 20 September 480 B.C.

60. The Battle of Salamis

62. DATELINE 19 SEPTEMBER THE EVE OF THE BATTLE

64. Artful Themistocles

67. DATELINE 20 SEPTEMBER THE DAY OF THE BATTLE

70. Brave Aristides

72. DATELINE 21 SEPTEMBER THE DAY AFTER THE BATTLE

75. Herodotus Father of Greek History

77. Aeschylus Father of Greek Tragedy

79. ?

80. What the fuck?

81. I mean, er.. what the fucking fuck?

82. We are young men and women of high spirit and noble ideals. We are philosophers, interested in the semantics of English ‘if’. What in God’s name are we doing here?

85. Aristotle De Interpretatione

86. De Interpretatione 9 "With regard to what is and what has been it is necessary for the affirmation or the negation to be true or false.....................But with particulars that are going to be it is different."

87. DATELINE 19 SEPTEMBER THE EVE OF THE BATTLE

89. [19A] There will be a sea- battle tomorrow

90. [19B] There will be a sea- battle tomorrow even if a storm destroys the Persian fleet overnight

91. DATELINE 20 SEPTEMBER THE DAY OF THE BATTLE

92. [20A] There is a sea-battle going on now

94. [20B] There is a sea-battle going on now even if a storm destroyed the Persian fleet overnight

95. DATELINE 21 SEPTEMBER THE DAY AFTER THE BATTLE

96. [21A] There was a sea- battle yesterday

98. [21B] There was a sea- battle yesterday even if a storm destroyed the Persian fleet the night before

100. [1] LOGIC PAST: There was a battle yesterday PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow

101. [2] TRUTH-VALUE PAST: There was a battle yesterday PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow

102. [3] NEGATION PAST: There was a battle yesterday There was no battle yesterday PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now There is no battle (raging) now FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow There might be no battle tomorrow

103. ‘Will’ and ‘Will not’ are not contradictories They are contraries

104. Messages about the Future Are Fantasy messages Cannot have truth-values Are not propositions – claims of fact about their tenses They are ……

105. Judgements

107. Fin