1. The Sounds of Music

2. The Sounds of Music The Musical Sound The Sounded Music
Sound concepts
parameters:
duration
amplitude
frequency
harmonics
phase
direction
Analog representations
Digital representations
ADC-DAC
sampling
quantization
format
The Sounded Music
music as performance
live vs. recorded
expression
tempo
dynamics
vibrato
timbre
Instruments and Technique
The Sight of Music
the performer
the environment

3. Olivier Messiaen (1908–92) Quatre études de rythme, 1949–50
2: Mode de valeurs et d'intensités, 1949

4. Pierre Boulez (1925–) Structures, book 1, for 2 pianos, 1951–2
premiered by Messiaen & Boulez in, Paris, 1952

5. The Musical Sound
Hearing: changes in pressure

6. frequency=~20Hz–20kHz intensity ratio=~20–100dB
[Heinrich Hertz 1857–94 (telegraph)]
intensity ratio=~20–100dB
[Alexander Graham Bell, 1847–1922 (telephone)]

7. ffff fff ff f mf mp p pp ppp pppp

9. Sound Concepts A=amplitude λ=wavelength f=frequency=1/λ
max. elongation
λ=wavelength
distance between two points of the same phase
f=frequency=1/λ
cycles per second (Hz)

10. overtones-harmonics-partials

11. tone sound noise

12. Phase
phase shifted by 180º
phase distortion, audio image out of focus

13. Analog air pressure analogous to electrical voltage
continuous-time signals
problem: mechanical noise, multiplies in copying

14. Digital air pressure-electrical voltage-binary digits (bit)
discrete-time signals
ADC
DAC

15. Analog Digital encoding Analog decoding

16. Binary vs. Decimal base two (0–1) base ten (0–9) 16 bit 1001 9 1010 10
16 bit

17. Sampling distortion caused by too low a sampling rate original
reconstructed

18. Foldover sampling: 8x 2x <2x
reconstruction: good min. highlow (lowpass filter!)

19. Quantization 1-bit vs. 4-bit 1-bit=2 amplitude levels

20. Quantization 4-bit vs. 8-bit
the higher the bit-rate, the greater the dynamic range (from loud to soft)
1-bit=6 bB, 16-bit=96 dB

21. Quantization and Sampling Rates
CD: 16 bit/44.1 kHz/stereo, 12 cm Disc: 650–700 MB
Red Book standard 1980
DVD: 24 bit/96 kHz, 4.7 GB
1998
SACD: 2.8 MHz, 4.7 GB
1999

22. MD, mp3, DAT… compressed format, not recommended for research
DAT: good but magnetic…

23. Graphical Representations of Sound
temporal representation
amplitude vs. time
spectral representation
amplitude vs. frequency
frequency/intensity vs. time (spectrogram)
2-D
3-D

24. Flute

25. Singing

26. Speaking Voice

27. Bird

28. Bat

29. Timbre as Expression bel canto vs. pop musician vs. singer
traditional vs. authentic
counterpoint vs. Klangmotiv

30. Sound of Music
“sol do la fa mi do re, sol do la ti do re do” “But it doesn’t mean anything!” “So we put in words, one word for every note, like this…” (Sound of Music)
“Thus, music no longer in need of words now seems more than ever in need of words.” (Scott Burnham)
侯珅譯: 現在不需要文字的音樂似乎比有文字的音樂還要多)!?
“A picture is worth a thousand words.”

31. Literature
Clarke, Eric F., and Nicholas Cook, eds. Empirical Musicology: Aims, Methods, Prospects. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Parncutt, Richard, and Gary McPherson, eds. The Science & Psychology of Music Performance: Creative Strategies for Teaching and Learning. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Rink, John, ed. Musical Performance: A Guide to Understanding. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Day, Timothy. A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
Rink, John, ed. The Practice of Performance: Studies in Musical Interpretation. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.