1. Year 11 Psychology – UNIT 1 Area of Study 1 Revision!

2. Psychology: The scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes

3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
• Scope of psychology including specialist career fields and fields of application and their contribution to understanding human behaviour
 • Classic and contemporary theories that have contributed to the development of psychology from philosophical beginnings to an empirical science, including the relationship between psychology and psychiatry
 • Differences between contemporary psychological research methods and non-scientific approaches to investigating and explaining human behaviour
 • Major perspectives (biological, behavioural, cognitive and socio-cultural) that govern how psychologists approach their research into human behaviour

4. Chapter 2: Research Methods
• Research methods and ethics associated with the study of psychology.
Experimental research: construction of hypotheses; identification of independent, dependent and extraneous variables
Ethical principles and professional conduct: the role of the experimenter; protection and security of participants’ rights; confidentiality; voluntary participation; withdrawal rights; informed consent procedures; use of deception in research; debriefing

5. Chapter 3: Visual Perception
• Application of psychological perspectives to explain visual perception:
- Characteristics of the visual perceptual system and the visual processes involved in detecting and interpreting visual stimuli.
- The effect of psychological factors on perceptual set
- Distortions of visual perceptions by illusions

6. Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Clinical Neuro-Psychology
Personality Psychology
Community Psychology
Social Psychology
Counselling Psychology
Educational and Developmental Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Health Psychology
Organisational Psychology
Sport Psychology
Biological Psychology

7. Philosophical Roots of Psychology
1St Philosophers: Plato, Aristotle and Socrates.
Greek philosophers proposed the mind-body problem (E.g. Do they have a relationship with one another? How do they interact? Is the mind apart of the body or body apart of the mind? Etc)
Rene Descartes introduced Dualism where he concluded the mind and body both can control and interact with one another. Before this, philosophers thought they could not control one another.
Psychologists today focus more on the mind-brain problem.
As we know the brain controls the body, therefore: does our brain interact with our mind?
Neuropsychologists are still studying these answers

8. CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Structuralism-Wundt: Focused on the ‘structure’ of consciousness (1st Psych Lab – 1879)
Functionalism- James: Focused on the ‘functions’ of mental processes in different environments.
Psychoanalysis- Freud: Focus on the unconscious thoughts, feelings and inner needs.
Behaviourism – Watson: Focus on observable behaviours. (i.e. Changing environment can alter behaviour)
Humanism – Rogers: Focus on the uniqueness and goodness of each individual

9. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Biological Perspective: Focus on physiological factors
Behavioural Perspective: Focus on observable behaviour in different environments
Cognitive Perspective: Focus on how we acquire and process information (i.e Memory)
Socio-Cultural Perspective: Focus how culture and social factors influence behaviour.

10. Psychology versus Psychiatry
Is not able to prescribe medication
6 years university study
Can work in private practices, schools, research labs, government bodies, hospitals, businesses etc
-Can prescribe medication
Up to 13 years of study and training
Usually work in a hospital setting

11. Psychology as a Science
Collects empirical evidence
Conducts experimental research follows steps of scientific research.
Is NOT a pseudoscience such as telepathy or astrology.

12. Chapter 2: Research Methods
Hypothesis:
It is hypothesised that all Year 11’s will do wonderfully on their psychology SAC’s tomorrow.

14. 7 Steps of Psychological Research
Identification of the research problem
Construction of hypothesis
Designing the method
Collecting the data
Analysing the data
Interpreting the data
Reporting the research findings

15. Ethical Considerations

16. Ethical Considerations

17. Ethical Considerations

18. Chapter 3: Visual Perception

19. Visual Perception Process
VISUAL SENSATION
=>OPTIC NERVE
=> BRAIN
=> LIGHT
=> VISUAL CORTEX
=>EYE
=>TRANSMISSION
=> RETINA
=> PHOTORECEPTORS
=> RECEPTION
VISUAL PERCEPTION
=>TRANSDUCTION
=> NEURAL ACTIVITY
=> ORGANISATION
=> ELECTRICAL IMPLUSES
=> INTERPRETATION

20. Sensation versus Perception
Visual sensation is the same for everyone
It is our physiological make up of the eye and the way it functions
Visual perception differs as everyone perceives and interprets things differently
When studying Visual Perception it is difficult to say where one starts and the other begins so we see it as an interrelated process.

21. VISUAL PERCEPTION PRINCIPLES: Rules that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of the information in a consistent and meaningful way.
Gestalt Principles: The way in which we organise features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form.
Figure-Ground organisation
Closure

22. - Similarity -Proximity

23. Depth Principles: The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions.
-Binocular depth cues (Requiring the use of both eyes) -Convergence -Retinal Disparity. -Monocular depth cues (Requiring the use of one eye only) -Accommodation -Pictorial cues: Linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field

24. Pictorial cues

25. Interposition!

26. Texture Gradient

27. Relative size

28. Height in the Visual Field

29. SIZE CONSTANCY

31. SHAPE CONSTANCY

32. BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

35. PERCEPTUAL SET MOTIVATION CONTEXT MOTIVATION EMOTIONAL STATE
PAST EXPERIENCE