1. Focus On Grammar Book 2, 5 th edition Lesson 10: Gerunds and Infinitives (difficult and boring, but Lesson 11, Adjective Clauses, is coming soon!)

2. 9.0 – Overview of Gerunds and Infinitives There are some rules, but this chapter calls on your ability to memorize. This is much worse than memorizing irregular verbs, but just as important. – Page 325  He admitted eating rice. – Page 338  He decided to eat rice. – http://www.esl2000.com/grammar/gerundinfiniti ve.html http://www.esl2000.com/grammar/gerundinfiniti ve.html

3. 10.1 Gerund Overview A Gerund (and a gerund phrase) is a verb that is used as a noun. – Pizza is good. Soccer is good. Surfing is good. Eating rice is good. It looks just like the present participle, which is used with BE in the progressive tenses) – Eat  eating; play  playing; write  writing Since it is a noun, it can be found any place we find nouns. (subject, object, object of a prep.)

4. 10.6 – Infinitive Overview After CERTAIN verbs, adjectives After expressions with “it”. – Writing well is important. – It is important to write well. As the Infinitive of Purpose – Why does he work very hard? – He works (in order) to make a lot of money.

5. 10.2 Gerund as subject If you want to put a verb in the subject, use a gerund or gerund phrase. Gerunds are non-count, like water and rice, so give it a singular verb. – A lot of writing is good practice. – Writing many essays is important. – Visiting many stores has advantages. – Speaking many languages makes our brain strong.

6. 10.7 - ??Infinitive as Subject?? ….. I wouldn’t call this a subject… – ?Delayed Subject? Most of these can be real subjects if the INFINITIVE is used. “For someone to verb” can’t be switched around easily; this is a useful construction.

7. 10.3 – Gerund After CERTAIN verbs This is a list you need to memorize All these “GO” activities can be used without “go” I mind, I don’t mind, I put off, I can’t help…

8. 10.9 - Infinitive after CERTAIN verbs This is another list you need to memorize

9. 10.10 - Infinitive or Gerund after CERTAIN verbs Some verbs can take either one This is another list you need to memorize (page 340)

10. 10.4 – A gerund after prepositions NEVER use the infinitive after a preposition – I am accustomed to pizza. – I am accustomed to seeing movies late at night. – [I am accustomed to to see movies…] You need to choose the correct preposition – Study page 327 – A good dictionary should have examples with different prepositions (care) To care for, to take care of, to care about, in care of…

11. 10.5 – Gerunds in Adverbial Phrases This is similar to (but not the same as) the gerund phrases in 7.11 – Same with a time preposition (when, after, before) – Different with by, without

12. 10.6 – Infinitive Overview After CERTAIN verbs, adjectives After expressions with it. – Writing well is important. – It is important to write well. As the Infinitive of Purpose – Why does he work very hard? – He works (in order) to make a lot of money.

13. 10.7 - ??Infinitive as Subject?? ….. I wouldn’t call this a subject… – ?Delayed Subject? Most of these can be real subjects if the INFINITIVE is used. “For someone to verb” can’t be switched around easily; this is a useful construction.

14. 10.8 – Infinitive after Adjective Some adjectives can be followed by an infinitive…

15. 10.9 - Infinitive after CERTAIN verbs This is another list you need to memorize

16. 10.10 - Infinitive or Gerund after CERTAIN verbs Some verbs can take either one This is another list you need to memorize

17. 10.11 – Objects with infinitives We often have an object before these verbs. 10.12 – The Infinitive of Purpose = “In Order To” 42  [I came to America for studying.] I came to America to study.

18. 10.13 – BE USED TO noun & USED TO verb This has nothing to do with gerunds and infinitives, except that we use the gerund after “BE used to” BE/GET USED TO: – She is used to spicy food. (accustomed to) – She was used to working long hours. USED TO – use the base form after this modal – She used to write essays very well. – She used to eat spicy food