1. Dr. Charles Patterson 2.48 Lloyd Building
JS 3010 Electromagnetism I
Dr. Charles Patterson
2.48 Lloyd Building

2. Course Outline Course texts:
Electromagnetism, 2nd Edn. Grant and Phillips (Wiley)
Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 2nd Edn. Lorrain and Corson (Freeman)
Online at:
Topics:
0). Overview
1). Vector Operators and Vector Analysis
2). Gauss’ Law and applications
3). Electrostatic and Dielectric Phenomena
4). Ampere’s Law and Applications
5). Magnetostatic and Magnetic Phenomena
6). Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Radiation

3. Force on charge due to electric and magnetic fields
Lorentz force on single charge q
FB = q v x B B magnetic induction (Tesla, T)
FE = q E E electric field strength (Volts/m) i j k
i x j = k v B F i j k E F
Sense of F depends on sign of q

4. Electric Fields
Electric field strength E(r,t) Volts m-1 or NC-1 Vector field of position and time
Field at field point r due to single point charge at source point r’ (electric monopole)
Note r-r’ vector directed away from source point when q is positive. Electric field lines point away from (towards) a positive (negative) charge O r r’
r-r’

5. Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Induction (Magnetic flux density) B(r,t) Tesla (T) Vector field of position and time
Field at field point r due to current element at source point r’ is given by Biot-Savart Law
Note dB(r) is the contribution to the circulating magnetic field which surrounds this infinite wire from the current element dl’ O r r’
r-r’
dB(r) I
dl’

6. Maxwell’s Equations Vacuum Matter
Expressed in integral or differential forms
Simplest to derive integral form from physical principle
Equations easier to use in differential form
Forms related by vector field identities (Stokes’ Theorem, Gauss’ Divergence Theorem)
Time-independent problems electrostatics, magnetostatics
Time-dependent problems electromagnetic waves

7. 1). Vector Operators and Analysis
Div, Grad, Curl (and all that)
Del or nabla operator
In Cartesian coordinates
Combining vectors in 3 ways
Scalar (inner) product a.b = c (scalar)
Cross (vector) product axb = c (vector)
Outer product (dyad) ab = c (tensor)

8. Scalar Product - Divergence
r is a Cartesian position vector r=(x,y,z)
A is vector function of position r
Div A =
Scalar product of del with A
Scalar function of position

9. Cross Product - Curl Curl A = Cross product of del with Aj k
Curl A =
Cross product of del with A
Vector function of position

10. Gradient f f =const. f(x,y,z) is a scalar function of position
Grad f = f =
Operation of del on scalar function
Vector function of position f
f =const.

11. Div Grad – the Laplacian
Inner product Del squared
Operates on a scalar function to produce a scalar function
Outer product

12. Green’s Theorem on plane
Leads to Divergence Theorem and Stokes’ Theorem
Fundamental theorem of calculus
Green’s Theorem a b c d
area A
contour C x y
P(x,y), Q(x,y) functions with
continuous partial derivatives

13. Green’s Theorem on plane
Integral of derivative over A
Integral around contour C a b c d
Area A
contour C x y

14. Green’s Theorem on plane
Similarly
Green’s Theorem relates an integral along a closed contour C to an area integral over the enclosed area A
QED for a rectangular area (previous slide)
Consider two rectangles and then arbitrary planar surface
Green’s Theorem applies to arbitrary, bounded surfaces
cancellation = A C
Contributions from boundaries cancel
No cancellation on boundary

15. Divergence Theorem dr nds Tangent dr = i dx + j dy
V = (Vx,Vy)
Tangent dr = i dx + j dy
Outward normal n ds = i dy – j dx
n unit vector along outward normal
ds = (dx2+dy2)1/2
P(x,y) = -Vy Q(x,y) = Vx
Cartesian components of the same vector field V
Pdx + Qdy = -Vydx + Vxdy
(i Vx + j Vy).(i dy – j dx) = -Vy dx + Vx dy = V.n ds

16. Divergence Theorem 2-D 3-D
Apply Green’s Theorem
In words - Integral of V.n ds over surface contour equals integral of div V over surface area
In 3-D
Integral of V.n dS over bounding surface S equals integral of div V dv within volume enclosed by surface S
V.n dS
.V dv

17. Curl and Stokes’ Theorem
For divergence theorem P(x,y) = -Vy Q(x,y) = Vx
Instead choose P(x,y) = Vx Q(x,y) = Vy
Pdx + Qdy = Vx dx + Vy dy
V = i Vx + j Vy + 0 k dr dx dy
V = (Vx,Vy) i k j
local value of  x V A C

18. Stokes’ Theorem 3-D
In words - Integral of ( x V) .n dS over surface S equals integral of V.dr over bounding contour C
It doesn’t matter which surface (blue or hatched). Direction of dr determined by right hand rule.
( x V) .n dS
n outward normal dS
local value of  x V
local value of V dr
V. dr S C

19. Summary Green’s Theorem Divergence theorem Stokes’ Theorem
Continuity equation
V.n dS
surface S
.A dv
volume v
( x V) .n dS
n outward normal dS
local value of  x V
local value of V dr
V. dr S C