1. Laser physics EAL 501 Lecture 3

2. Energy units 1 eV= 1.6x10 -19 (C) x 1 V= 1.6x10 -19 J E =hc/ λ 1/λ=E/hc=1J/(6.6x10 -34 x10 8 x100) 1 cm -1 =1.5 x10 -23 J =.00012 eV

3. Absorption, Emission, and Dispersion of Light Electron Oscillator Model Spontaneous Emission Absorption Thermal Radiation Emission and Absorption of Narrowband Light Collision Broadening Doppler Broadening The Voigt Profile Radiative Broadening Absorption and Gain Coefficients

4. Absorption of gases White light propagating through a gas is absorbed at the resonance frequencies of the atoms or molecules. Sodium, for instance, has strong absorption lines in the yellow region at 589.0 and 589.6 nm The absorbed energy is dissipated in Heat (translational kinetic energy of the atoms) Collision Resonance fluorescence :Re-emission in all directions ( Radiation quenching :When the pressure of the gas is increased, collisions may rapidly convert the absorbed radiation into heat before it can be reradiated.

7. Lorentz model This hypothesis states that an electron in an atom responds to light as if it were bound to its atom or molecule by a simple spring. As a consequence the electron can be imagined to oscillate about the nucleus.

8. Electron Natural oscillation: Solution if no external field and no friction This corresponds to the spontaneous emission In the presence of External field, the electron can absorb energy only if ω= ω o The friction correspond to radiation losses in the material.

9. Semi classical view spontaneous emission E 1, N 1 E 2, N 2 A 21 is the rate of spontaneous emission = 1/ τ 21 the level 2 life time Or Decay time of level 2 to level 1 For multi level decay Boltzman Law

10. Some forms of spontaneous emission Electroluminescence : If excitation occurs in an electric discharge such as a spark. Chemiluminescence : If excitation produced as a by-product of a chemical reaction. Bioluminescence : If excitation occurs in a living organism (such as a firefly),. Fluorescence refers to spontaneous emission from an excited state produced by the absorption of light. Phosphorescence describes the situation in which the emission persists long after the exciting light is turned off and is associated with a metastable

11. Absorption E 1, N 1 E 2, N 2 S is the line shape The simplest is the Lorentzian line shape L

12. Spectral energy density of radiation It is convenient to define a spectral energy density ρ(ν), such that ρ(ν) d ν is the electromagnetic energy per unit volume in the frequency band ν, ν+dν The intensity, or energy flux, is the velocity of light times the energy density. Therefore I(ν)dν = cρ(ν)

13. Stimulated emission E 1, N 1 E 2, N 2

14. Thermal Radiation A black body is a body that absorbs all the energy incident

15. Einstein relations So for a two level system in the presence of radiation we can write

16. Line shapes Natural line brodening : due to spontaneous emission Lorentzian line shape Homogeneous line broadening : due to atomic collisions broadening increase with pressure

17. Inhomogeneous line broadening : due to Doppler effect Gaussian line shape

18. Propagation of light through a 2 level medium Suppose a light of intensity I v (0) is incident on the material. The intensity In is equal to the energy density per unit volume times the wave propagation velocity. The rate at which electromagnetic energy passes through a plane cross-sectional area A at z is I v (z)A, and at an adjacent plane at z+dz this rate is I v (z+dz)A; the difference is The rate at which energy is accumulated or depleted in the volume Δz is

19. The change in radiation in the medium could be due to absorption and emission. If we neglect the spontaneous emission for the time being The rate of increase of N2 equals the rate of decrease of the field so

20. The gain coefficient has dimension m -1. If g >0 it is amplification. If g<0 it is absorption Remember that the wave length here λ is the wave length inside the material which equals the wavelength in vacuum divided by the index of refraction of the material (the frequency doesn’t change inside the material