1. Discrepancy and SDPs Nikhil Bansal (TU Eindhoven, Netherlands ) August 24, ISMP 2012, Berlin

2. Outline Discrepancy Theory What is it Applications Basic Results (non-constructive) SDP connection Algorithms Lower Bounds 2/40

3. Discrepancy Theory: What is it? Study of discrepancy between self-perception and reality 3/40

4. Discrepancy: What is it? Study of irregularities in approximating the continuous by the discrete. Historical motivation: Numerical Integration/ Sampling How well can you approximate a region by discrete points ? 4/40

5. Discrepancy: What is it? Problem: How uniformly can you distribute points in a grid. “Uniform” : For every axis-parallel rectangle R | (# points in R) - (Area of R) | should be low. n 1/2 R Discrepancy: Max over rectangles R |(# points in R) – (Area of R)| 5/40

6. Distributing points in a grid Problem: How uniformly can you distribute points in a grid. “Uniform” : For every axis-parallel rectangle R | (# points in R) - (Area of R) | should be low. Uniform RandomVan der Corput Set n= 64 points n 1/2 discrepancyn 1/2 (loglog n) 1/2 O(log n) discrepancy! 6/40

7. Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods *Different constant of proportionality 7/40

8. Discrepancy: Example 2 Input: n points placed arbitrarily in a grid. Color them red/blue such that each axis-parallel rectangle is colored as evenly as possible Discrepancy: max over rect. R ( | # red in R - # blue in R | ) Continuous: Color each element 1/2 red and 1/2 blue (0 discrepancy) Discrete: Random has about O(n 1/2 log 1/2 n) Can achieve O(log 2.5 n) Why do we care? 8/40

9. Combinatorial Discrepancy S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 S4S4 9/40

10. Combinatorial Discrepancy Set system: A = {0,1} incidence matrix 10/40

11. Applications CS: Computational Geometry, Comb. Optimization, Monte-Carlo simulation, Machine learning, Complexity, Pseudo-Randomness, … Math: Dynamical Systems, Combinatorics, Mathematical Finance, Number Theory, Ramsey Theory, Algebra, Measure Theory, … 11/40

12. Hereditary Discrepancy A1A2…A1A2… 1 2 … n A’ 1 A’ 2 … 1’ 2’ … n’ But not so robust 12/40 Discrepancy = 0

13. Two Applications 13/40

14. Rounding Ax=b A 14/40 (-1) (+1) Key Point: Low discrepancy coloring guides our updates! x

15. Rounding 15/40

16. Discrepancy and optimization 16/40

17. Dynamic Data Structures N weighted points in a 2-d region. Weights updated over time. Query: Given an axis-parallel rectangle R, determine the total weight on points in R. Goal: Preprocess (in a data structure) 1)Low query time 2)Low update time (upon weight change) 17/40

18. Example 18/40

19. What about other queries? 19/40

20. Bounding Discrepancy 20/40

21. General set system 21/40

22. (Previous) Best Algorithm 22/40

23. Better Colorings Exist! [Spencer 85]: (Six standard deviations suffice) Any system with n sets has discrepancy · 6n 1/2 (In general for arbitrary m, discrepancy = O(n 1/2 log(m/n) 1/2 ) Tight: For m=n, cannot beat 0.5 n 1/2 (Hadamard Matrix) Inherently non-constructive proof (counting) Powerful Entropy Method. Question: Can we find it algorithmically ? Certain algorithms do not work [Spencer] Conjecture [Alon-Spencer]: May not be possible. 23/40 Space of colorings

24. Results General Technique: k-permutation problem [Spencer, Srinivasan,Tetali] geometric problems, Beck Fiala setting (Srinivasan’s bound) … 24/40

25. SDPs 25/40

26. Relaxations: LPs and SDPs Yet, SDPs will be a major tool. 26/40

27. Punch line 27/40

28. Algorithm (at high level) Cube: {-1,+1} n Analysis: Few steps to reach a vertex (walk has high variance) Disc( S i ) does a random walk (with low variance) start finish Algorithm: “Sticky” random walk Each step generated by rounding a suitable SDP Move in various dimensions correlated, e.g.  t 1 +  t 2 ¼ 0 Each dimension: An Element Each vertex: A Coloring 28/40

29. An SDP Hereditary disc. ) the following SDP is feasible Obtain v i 2 R n 29/40

30. Idea Which vector g to project on? Lemma: If g 2 R n is a random Gaussian, for any v 2 R n, g ¢ v is distributed as N(0, |v| 2 ). Pf: N(0,a 2 ) + N(0,b 2 ) = N(0,a 2 +b 2 ) g ¢ v =  i v(i) g i » N(0,  i v(i) 2 ) 30/40

31. Properties of Rounding Lemma: If g 2 R n is a random Gaussian, for any v 2 R n, g ¢ v is distributed as N(0, |v| 2 ) 1.Each  i » N(0,  ) 2.For each set S,  i 2 S  i = g ¢ (  i 2 S v i ) » N(0, · 2 ) (std deviation · ) SDP: |v i | 2 = 1 |  i 2 S v i | 2 · 2 Recall:  i = g ¢ v i  ’s will guide our updates to x. 31/40

32. Algorithm Overview Construct coloring iteratively. Initially: Start with coloring x 0 = (0,0,0, …,0) at t = 0. At Time t: Update coloring as x t = x t-1 +  (  t 1,…,  t n ) (  tiny: 1/n suffices) x(i) x t (i) =  (  1 i +  2 i + … +  t i ) Color of element i: Does random walk over time with step size ¼  Fixed if reaches -1 or +1. time +1 Set S: x t (S) =  i 2 S x t (i) does a random walk w/ step  N(0, · 2 ) 32/40

33. Analysis Consider time T = O(1/  2 ) Claim 1: With prob. ½, an element reaches -1 or +1. Pf: Each element doing random walk (martingale) with size ¼  Recall: Random walk with step 1, is ¼ t 1/2 away in t steps. Claim 2: Each set has O( ) discrepancy in expectation. Pf: For each S, x t (S) doing random walk with step size ¼   33/40

34. Recap At each step of walk, formulate SDP on floating variables. SDP solution -> Guides the walk Properties of walk: High Variance -> Quick convergence Low variance for discrepancy on sets -> Low discrepancy 34/40 start finish

35. Refinements Spencer’s six std deviations result: Recall: Want O(n 1/2 ) discrepancy, but random coloring gives n 1/2 (log n) 1/2 Previous approach seems useless: Expected discrepancy for a set O(n 1/2 ), but some random walks will deviate by up to (log n) 1/2 factor Tune down the variance of dangerous sets (not too many) Entropy Method -> SDP still feasible. 0 20n 1/2 30n 1/2 35n 1/2 … Danger 1 Danger 2 Danger 3 …

36. Further Developments Can be derandomized [Bansal-Spencer’11] Our algorithm still uses the Entrpoy method. Gives no new proof of Spencer’s result. Is there a purely constructive proof ? Lovett Meka’12: Yes. Gaussian random walks + Linear Algebra 36/40

37. Matousek Lower Bound 37/40

38. Detlb 38/40

39. In Conclusion 39/40

40. Thank you for your attention 40/40