1. TexPoint fonts used in EMF. Read the TexPoint manual before you delete this box.: A A A AAA A A A AA A Proving that non-blocking algorithms don't block Alexey Gotsman University of Cambridge Joint work with Byron Cook, Matthew Parkinson, and Viktor Vafeiadis

2. Proving that non-blocking algorithms don't block  Automatically proving liveness properties of non- blocking concurrent algorithms  Stay awake: nice links between programming, logic, and automatic verification  Pick a class of programs  Pick an appropriate logic  Observe that proofs are simple and follow the same pattern  Infer proofs automatically  Best of both worlds: automatic tool + understanding of the algorithms

3. Coarse-grained locking Top Inefficient as only one thread operates on the list at a time 421314 NULL

4. Non-blocking concurrency  Multiple threads operating on the data structure at the same time  Typical programming idiom:... L:read from a part of the data structure do some work on the results try to change the data structure if interference is detected go to L...

5. Non-blocking concurrency  Stacks, queues, skip lists, hash tables, etc.  Used in practice: e.g., java.util.concurrent  Complicated and hard to get right  Formal verification:  Safety properties  [Yahav + 2003, Calcagno + 2007, Amit + 2007, Manevich + 2008, Vafeiadis 2009]  Termination ?

6. Non-blocking concurrency: Treiber's stack Top 421314 NULL 6421312 void push(data_t v) { Node *t, *x; x = new Node(); x->val = v; do { t = Top; x->next = t; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); } data_t pop() { Node *t, *x; do { t = Top; if (t == NULL) return EMPTY; x = t->next; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); return t->val; } struct Node { Node *next; data_t val; } *Top;

7. Treiber's non-blocking stack: termination void push(data_t v) { Node *t, *x; x = new Node(); x->val = v; do { t = Top; x->next = t; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); } data_t pop() { Node *t, *x; do { t = Top; if (t == NULL) return EMPTY; x = t->next; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); return t->val; } struct Node { Node *next; data_t val; } *Top;  push or pop may not terminate if other threads continually modify Top  However: some operation will always terminate  This talk: logic & tool for proving lock-freedom lock-freedom

8. From lock-freedom to termination

9. Lock-freedom of Treiber's stack Push or Id Shared state Rely/guarantee + separation logic for safety [Vafeiadis-Parkinson 2007] void push(data_t v) { Node *t, *x; x = new Node(); x->val = v; do { t = Top; x->next = t; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); } data_t pop() { Node *t, *x; do { t = Top; if (t == NULL) return EMPTY; x = t->next; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); return t->val; } struct Node { Node *next; data_t val; } *Top; Pop or Id

10. Lock-freedom of Treiber's stack Push or Id void push(data_t v) { Node *t, *x; x = new Node(); x->val = v; do { t = Top; x->next = t; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); } data_t pop() { Node *t, *x; do { t = Top; if (t == NULL) return EMPTY; x = t->next; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); return t->val; } struct Node { Node *next; data_t val; } *Top; Pop or Id

11. Lock-freedom of Treiber's stack  The do loops terminate if no-one else executes Push or Pop infinitely often  No-one executes Push or Pop infinitely often  Hence, push and pop terminate Push or Id data_t pop() { Node *t, *x; do { t = Top; if (t == NULL) return EMPTY; x = t->next; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); return t->val; } void push(data_t v) { Node *t, *x; x = new Node(); x->val = v; do { t = Top; x->next = t; } while(!CAS(&Top,t,x)); } struct Node { Node *next; data_t val; } *Top; Pop or Id

12. Layered proof “I execute only Push, Pop, or Id” “I don’t execute Push or Pop infinitely often” “I terminate” “I execute only Push, Pop, or Id”

13. Layered proof Formalised in a logic for liveness and heaps Guarantees of the form

14.  Run the safety checker:  Iteratively eliminate actions: Proof search strategy    Proof valid for an arbitrary number of threads

15. Case studies  Treiber's stack [Treiber 1986]  HSY stack [Hendler + 2004]  Non-blocking queue [Michael, Scott 1996]  Linked list [Michael 2002]  RDCSS [Harris + 2002]

16. Conclusion  Automatic method with proofs reflecting algorithm structure  Hope the general approach can be reused  Lock-based lock-free algorithms require more complex environment assumptions