1. “Inside Out”: The politics of ethnically enumerating the nation Tahu Kukutai Stanford University Victor Thompson Stanford University Conference on Social Statistics & Ethnic Diversity, Montreal, Canada, 6 – 8 December 2007

2. Motivating the problem Ubiquity of ethnicity but variation in state processes of recognition. WHY? Case-studies: emphasis on dynamics endogenous to states Problem 1: Lacks generalizability Problem II: Ignores global influences

3. The Politics of Ethnic Enumeration Scientific rationality vs. political negotiation Political process: “top down” vs “bottom up” Typology of ethnic classification regimes - centered on state motivations (Rallu et al.) Search for systematic patterns across states (Morning)

4. “Inside Out”: An alternative approach Inside -Structure -Groups Outside -HR Instruments -INGOs State Eumeration Practices Ethnic Cognizance Identity Legitimization

5. Pressures from the inside : state-centered STRUCTURE – historical context of state formation – resources GROUPS – immigrants – ethnic contenders

6. Pressures from the outside: world society – Integration into global civil society and world culture international organizations (INGOs) human rights instruments – Isomorphism in practices – Expose states to global monitoring and sanctioning – Opens political opportunities for ethnic activists

7. Hypotheses INTERNALEthnic recognition immigrants + foreign workers - ethnic contenders + resources + post-1965 sovereignty + EXTERNALEthnic recognition ICERD signatory - or + ICERD commitment + INGOs membership +

8. Global Enumeration Database on Ethnic Diversity Compiled dataset of ethno-racial and civic identity questions asked in the 2000 Census round (1995- 2004) Extended to include countries that have population registers Coded a wide range of questions: –Race –Ethnicity & Ethnic Origins –Ancestry, descent –Indigeneity –Tribe –Language, Mother tongue –Nationality –Citizenship –Birthplace –Immigration status

9. Census Coverage Total located in 2000 Census Round –184 out of 195 states located in the 2000 Census Round 4 had no census available 7 remain missing –Population registries accounted for 8% (n=14) of the sample % complete by region –Africa 79% –North America 97% –South America 100% –Asia 97% –Europe 96% –Oceania 96%

10. Modeling Ethnic Enumeration Two models –Ethnic Cognizance Race, ethnicity, ancestry, indegeneity/tribe, or mother-tongue Exclude birthplace, citizenship and religion –Identity Legitimization Formal recognition of specific ethnic groups on census

11. Commitment to Recognizing Ethnicity Across Regions Percentage of States that Recognize at Least One Ethnic Recognition –Africa 50.0% –Europe 48.9% –South America 80.0% –Asia 67.6% –North America 85.7% –Oceania 63.7% Percentage of states that formally legitimate ethnic identities – Africa 20.0% –Europe 35.6% –South America 60.0% –Asia 37.8% –North America 85.7% –Oceania 57.1%

14. Summary of Findings Internal –Those emanating from groups –Those associated with structural conditions External –Commitment –INGOs

15. Conclusions Ethnic Enumeration is generalizable –Global phenomena –Despite the local nuances of ethnicity we are able to extrapolate effects that go beyond ad hoc explanations of state enumeration practices Exogenous factors matter