1. 5 GAS DIAGNOSTICS What Goes In Must Be Consumed, If Not It Comes Out! Steve Zack

2. Agenda The Theory of 5 Gas Diagnostics with a 5 Gas Analyzer

3. The Theory Of 5 Gas

4. The Theory of 5 Gas Air Contains 77% to 78% Nitrogen, N2 N2, 2 Elements of N N2 Absorbs Heat –In the Atmosphere –In the Combustion Chamber N2 Separates Under Pressure and Temperature

5. NN Nitrogen - N2

6. The Theory of 5 Gas Remaining Air Contains 21% Oxygen, O2 O2, 2 Elements of O O2 is an Oxidizer Remaining Portions of Air –Argon, Ar –Helium, He –Hydrocarbons, HC –Etc.

7. O O Oxygen - O2

8. The Theory of 5 Gas Intake Valve Opens Exposing Low Pressure Injector Sprays Atomized HC HC, Gasoline – 1 Element of H - Hydrogen – 1 Element of C - Carbon 14.7 Psi Pushes Air and Fuel in

9. H C Gasoline - HC The Hexane Value Gas Analyzers Measure Atomized Liquid GASOLINE FORMULA: 27% AROMATIC (BENZENE C6H6), 12% OLEFINS (CnH2n), 1% BENZENE (C6H6), 305PPM SULFUR (S), 11% MTBE (METHYL TERTIARYBUTYL ETHER), 2% OXYGEN (O)

10. O O O O O O N N HC H C O O

11. The Theory of 5 Gas Piston Rises in Compression Stroke, Pressure Builds The Compounds Will Rub Together This Causes Friction of the Elements Friction Causes Heat

12. The Theory of 5 Gas Heat Absorbed by the Elements O2 Absorbs Heat Separates to O and O HC Absorbs Heat Separates to H and C O2 and HC Now Vapor

13. O O H C Pressure and Heat Now Vapor

14. The Theory of 5 Gas Piston Continues to Rise Friction Causes 2300 F Pressure has Increased N2 Will Absorb Heat at 2300 F N2 Will Separate to N and N, Now Vapor

15. Extreme Heat and Pressure NN Now Vapor

16. O O O O O O N N H C H C O O

17. The Theory of 5 Gas The Spark Plug Ignites, Pressure Increase –Voltage is Pressure The O Elements Will Oxidize with N, C, and H –2O Elements to 1C Element = CO2 –1O Element to 2H Elements = H2O –XO Elements to 1N Element = NOx Oxidation, O Elements Attaching to Other Elements

18. The Theory of 5 Gas Oxidation Creates as the Elements Collide All the Combined Appear as Oxidation Creates Energy Through Heat The Heat Energy Forces the Piston Down Sparks Fire

19. H O H C O O N O O H H N O O C O

20. O O O O O O N N H C H C O O

21. The Theory of 5 Gas As Combustion Occurs a Good Running Engine Produces –H2O - 2 H - Hydrogen Elements and 1 O - Oxygen Element –CO2 - 1 C - Carbon Element and 2 O - Oxygen Elements

22. H O H Water - H20 A Product of Combustion

23. C O O Carbon Dioxide - CO2 A Product of Combustion Displaces N2 in Atmosphere

24. The Theory of 5 Gas As Result of Driving Conditions Most Engines Will Produce –H2O –HC - 1 H - Hydrogen Element and 1 C - Carbon Element –CO - 1 C - Carbon Element and 1 O - Oxygen Element –O2 - 2 O - Oxygen Elements –CO2 –NOx - 1 N - Nitrogen Element and Unknown O - Oxygen Elements

25. The Theory of 5 Gas The Catalytic Converter Will Oxidize and Reduce –HC to H2O and CO2 –CO to H20 and CO2 –NOx to CO2 and H2O and N2

26. O O O O O2 SENSOR READS LEAN, PCM COMMANDS RICH, INCREASING CO 200mv SWITCH <100ms

27. C O H C N O CO CAUSE THE CATALYST TEMPERATURE TO RISE N O H C

28. C O H C N O HIGH CATALYST TEMPERATURE CAUSES ELEMENTS TO SEPARATE H C N O

29. C O H C N O H C N O O2 FROM CERAMIC SUBSTRATE COMES OUT O O O O

30. O H H C O N N O C O O C O O OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OCCURS SO2, SULFUR DIOXIDE, ROTTEN EGG ODOR S O O

31. O2 SENSOR READS RICH, PCM COMMANDS LEAN, REPLENISHING CATALYTIC CONVERTOR WITH O2 800mv SWITCH <100ms

32. Diagnosing 5 Gas

33. H C Hydrocarbons - HC Unburned Gasoline - HC Toxicant

34. Diagnosing 5 Gas - HC Causes –Rich –Contaminated Crankcase –Lean –Secondary Ignition Spark Plugs Plug Wires Cap & Rotor –Primary Ignition Coil Low Primary Current –Base Timing Causes – Preignition – Charging System – EGR – Cooling System – Engine Problems Valves Rings – Cam Timing – Carbon Intake Valve Throat

35. CO Carbon Monoxide - CO A Byproduct of Combustion Colorless, Odorless, Toxicant

36. Diagnosing 5 Gas - CO Causes –Rich MAP or MAF TPS IAC Closed Injector Spray Air Cleaner –Evaporative Purge System –Contaminated Oil –Charging System –Engine Problems –Cam Timing –Base Timing Retarded

37. O O Oxygen - O2 Unburned Oxygen - O2

38. Diagnosing 5 Gas - O2 Causes –Lean IAC Open Vacuum Leak Injector Spray Fuel Volume –Secondary Ignition –Primary Ignition –Base Timing –Preignition –Charging System –Cooling System –Engine Problems –Exhaust Valve –Carbon –Exhaust Leak Dilution

39. N O N O O += NOx NO + NO2 = NOx A Product of Combustion NOx Oxides of Nitrogen Brown Color, Toxicant Nitrogen Dioxide Colorless, Odorless, Toxicant Nitrogen Oxide

40. Diagnosing 5 Gas - NOx Causes –Lean –Base Timing Advanced –Preignition –EGR EGR Flow –Cooling System Pump Vanes Thermostat Fan & Fan Belts Coolant Level & Quality Jacket Corrosion –Cam Timing –Exhaust Valve –Carbon Cylinder & Piston

41. Summary

42. NOx HC CO O2 CO2 Rich L H H L L Contaminated Oil L H H L L Lean H H L H L Secondary Ignition L H L H L Primary Ignition L H L H L Base Timing H H L H L Preignition H H L H L Charging System L H H H L EGR H H L L L Cooling System H H L H L Engine Problems L H H H L Cam Timing H H H L L Exhaust Valve H H L H L Carbon H H L H L Exhaust Leak L L L H L Test at 1000 RPM, Engine at Operating Temperature, H - High, L - Low Fuel, OBD Ignition OBD Mechanical

43. Summary NOx < 150 PPM to 300 PPM Max HC < 100 PPM Max CO < 0.5 % Max O2 < 0.5 % Max CO2 > 12 % to 15 % Min Test at 1000 RPM, Engine at Operating Temperature Testing After the Catalytic Converter

44. 10:1 14.3:1 15.1:1 18:1 14.7:1 Stoichiometric RICH O2 PCM Input O2 PCM Input LEAN 600mv O2 300mv O2 PCM Command PCM Command Low IPW High IPW 600 PPM 500 PPM 400 PPM 300 PPM 200 PPM 100 PPM 0 PPM 15% 14% 13% 12% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% CO2 NOx O2 HCHC COCO