1. FRESHWATER FLUX FROM BAY OF BENGAL AND SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ITF R. Dwi Susanto 1,2 & Quanan Zheng 1 1 Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science University of Maryland, USA www.atmos.umd.edu/~dwi & 2 Surya University, Tangerang, Indonesia 3500 km INDIAN Australia Seattle, WA Nov 11-14, 2014 Sunda Strait Lombok Strait BoB SCS Java

2. Objectives Derive stratification of Sunda, Karimata and Lombok Straits based on Aquarius/SAC-D satellite (S,T), in situ measurements, and numerical model results. Determine spatial and temporal variability heat and freshwater budget between Bay of Bengal and South China Sea into the Indonesian Seas Determine volume transport in the Karimata, Sunda and Lombok Straits and their impacts on the regional ocean stratification and circulation. Approach Integrated satellite data (Aquarius/SAC-D), in situ measurements, and numerical model.

3. Karimata Sunda Lombok South China Sea throughflow: Susanto et al., 2010; 2013 & Fang et al., 2010. Main ITF in Makassar: Susanto et al. 2005, 2012; Gordon et al., 1999, 2008. Collaborators: -BalitbangKP, Indonesia - First Institute Oceanography, China B4

4. Susanto et al., 2012 Makassar Strait Transport ~14 Sv Semi-annual Kelvin waves

5. Trawl Resistance Bottom Mount ADCP& CTD ADCP (Velocity, T, P), CTD, Modem, GPS-Iridium beacon, Dissolved Oxygen, Acoustic Releases. 2m

6. B1 B2 B3 Karimata Transport The one month 2007/2008 winter SITE volume transport is about -3.4  1.2 Sv (Sv = 10 6 m 3 /s), Sv ~ 1/3 of the Makassar Strait volume transport. The corresponding transport-weighted temperature is 27.75  C. HT= ~0.34PW. (Fang et al., 2010) Karimata transport vary from -2.4 Sv to +1 Sv (Susanto et al, 2013) A1 A2 B4

7. 9 CTD and water samples & LADCP 4 sections of towing system September 10-22, 2014

8. Towing system: underway CTD system to measure various water properties (Salinity, Temperature, depth, chl-a, turbitidity, disolve oxygen, pH)

9. Temperature Profiles, Lombok Strait September 2014 Section 2 (CTD#3-4)Section 3 (CTD#5-6) Section 4 (CTD#7-8) Section 5 (CTD#11-12)

10. jpl.nasa.gov/ L2: 7 Day (V3.0 CAP) L3: 7 Day (V3.0 CAP) We plan to use the rainfall Data from rainfall gauges over the Indonesian seas

11. Wyrtki, 1987; Potemra et al., 1997, 2005; Sprintall et al., 2013 Pressure gradient between Pacific and Indian Ocean Indonesian Throughflow Proxy

12. We will use an integrated approach (satellite Aquarius/CAC-D data, in situ measurements and HYCOM numerical model): to determine the spatial and temporal variability of heat and freshwater fluxes as well as volume transport from Bay of Bengal and South China into the Indonesian Seas, and their impacts on the main ITF, regional ocean stratification and circulation to derive ITF proxy based on satellite altimeters, gravimeters and salinity Work Plan Summary If main ITF is a cup of Coffee, the BOB, SCS and Sunda Strait throughflow is the Creamer, the annual mean may be small but the seasonal variability is large & important, it is controls the taste (regional stratification and circulation) into the Indian Ocean