1. Day 3 Unit 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration Unit 6: Cell Reproduction
Regents Review
Day 3
Unit 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration Unit 6: Cell Reproduction

2. Chlorophyll molecules in chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to power the process of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts inorganic molecules (CO2 and Light Energy) into organic molecules (Glucose)
Chlorophyll is a green pigment because it reflects green light waves and absorbs all other types of light

3. Carbon Dioxide gas is consumed in photosynthesis, while oxygen gas is a waste product produced in photosynthesis
Plants use Carbon Dioxide from animals and animals use oxygen from plants
Both animals and plants can use the glucose created during photosynthesis as a food source, which is converted to ATP during cell respiration

4. Glucose is the first stable product of photosynthesis and serves as a food source within cells
Plants are considered autotrophs because they produce glucose (sugar)
Animals are considered heterotrophs because they get their food from other sources

5. Stomates maintain homeostasis in leaves by regulating gas exchange and water loss in plants
Stomates are openings on the lower surface of a plant leaf
Guard cells control the opening and closing of each stomata

6. Cellular respiration is the process of forming ATP from glucose within cells
Occurs in the Mitochondria
Glucose is broken down, using oxygen, to form 36 ATP, the energy source for the cell

7. If oxygen is NOT present, the cell will go through fermentation, which only generates 2 ATP per molecule of glucose
Fermentation in animal cells creates lactic acid and in plant cells creates alcohol
Aerobic respiration (36 ATP) is more efficient than anaerobic respiration (2 ATP)

8. Carbon Dioxide is the waste gas produced in cellular respiration
Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released
Plants can then recycle this excess CO2 waste during photosynthesis

9. All organisms carry on respiration to breakdown glucose and produce ATP energy
Plants carry out both respiration and photosynthesis
Animals carry out only respiration

10. Asexual Reproduction is a form of reproduction that requires only one parent and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent
In single celled organisms is used for reproduction = offspring are identical
In multicellular organisms is for growth and repair of damaged cells

11. Cell division is a form of reproduction that occurs in stages
Interphase (G1, S, & G2) is the resting stage, the cell grows, and DNA is replicated
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, creating two new cells

12. Mitosis involves a diploid (2n) cell dividing into two identical daughter cells
Stages of mitosis = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Two new cells are genetically identical
Ex. If Parent has 8 chromosomes, each offspring will have 8 chromosomes
Used to repair damaged tissues in multicellular organisms

13. Cancer involves body cells that divide uncontrollably by mitosis

14. Sexual Reproduction is a form of reproduction that requires two parents (sperm and egg) and creates offspring that are similar but NEVER the same as the parents

15. Meiosis is the process of producing 4 haploid (n) cells from one diploid (2n) cell, each cell contains ½ of the genetic information of the original cell
Human males produce 4 haploid sperm cells
Human females produce one haploid egg and three polar bodies
Four new cells are genetically similar to the parent
Ex. If Parents body cell has 8 chromosomes, each gamete will have 4 chromosomes

16. Meiosis is one of the factors responsible for producing variation among the gametes produced by an organism
Crossing-over – chromosomes switch pieces of DNA with each other
Independent Assortment - chromosomes independently line up during cell division and then separate into different gametes

17. Fertilization – sex cells combine (sperm and egg) to create a zygote which has ½ of the genetics information from the mom and ½ of the information from the dad.

18. New individuals of an existing species are produced through the process of reproduction
Only members of the same species can successfully reproduce

19. DNA mutations and chromosomal abnormalities may be passed on to the next generation if they are located in cells that produce gametes (sperm & eggs)
May lead to the formation of new genes in a species
Most mutations are harmful
Some are beneficial and will lead to the formation of a new species as the changes build up over thousands of years