1. Integrated CLD of the Auckland Region Created by Hendrik Stouten Ecological Economics Research New Zealand

2. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Housing + ++ R1 Residential Growth A first loop that can be identified in the Auckland Region is related to housing. It captures a reinforcing residential growth loop indicating that more (less) housing leads to a more (less) attractive region and therefore to more (less) people requesting more (less) housing.

3. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Economic Activity (GDP) Housing R2 + + + ++ R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth A second loop is an economic growth loop. It is an reinforcing loop that assumes that more (less) economic activity in the region will increase (decrease) its attractiveness resulting in more (less) people entering the region.

4. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth Well-being Drives Growth Economic activity also creates well-being. More well-being makes a region more attractive. Hence, another reinforcing loop is established.

5. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth Well-being Drives Growth + R4 Well-being does not only affect the population through the attractiveness of the region. It also directly impacts population as higher (lower) degrees of well- being results in more (less) people staying alive. Wellness saves lives and therefore contributes to growth. Well-being Saves Lives

6. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being + R4 Well-being Saves Lives + Next, education is an important factor influencing the attractiveness of a region. Education results in skills and this positively affects employment. Employment in turn results in well- being that feeds into attractiveness. Education is therefore an important driver for growth in a region.

7. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education + R4 Well-being Saves Lives + Education does not only affects well- being, it also affects economic activity as it trains the workforce to better perform such economic activities.

8. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation + R4 Well-being Saves Lives + + Improved skills also accelerates innovation which boosts economic activity.

9. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + R4 Well-being Saves Lives + + Next, education is also a third factor directly influencing well-being. It is assumed that more (less) education directly results in more (less) well- being.

10. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + R9 Education Contributes to Improved Health R4 Well-being Saves Lives + + Finally, education also indirectly influences well-being through health. Education contributes to improved health in the region.

11. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + R9 Education Contributes to Improved Health R4 Well-being Saves Lives + + + R10 Health Through Housing Health is also affected by housing.

12. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + + R9 + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access + + + R10 Health Through Housing Next, transport and access is added to the causal loop diagram. Public and private transport infrastructure create access to health services reinforcing health and well-being!

13. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + + R9 + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + + R10 Health Through Housing Public and private transport infrastructure also provides access to education reinforcing the growth-loops related to education

14. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + + R9 + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + + R10 Health Through Housing Finally, public and private transport infrastructure also provides access to economic activities which in turn reinforces growth through economic activities.

15. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + + + R9 + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode + + + R10 Health Through Housing However, next to public and private transport infrastructure, a region can also invest in cycling and walking infrastructure (i.e. forms of active mode). This in turn also increases access to education, health and economic activities.

16. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + R9 + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth + + + R10 Health Through Housing Moreover, cycling and walking is also healthy and therefore creates well-being and drives the growth in economic activity, education etc loops.

17. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + R9 + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth + + + R10 Health Through Housing Natural limits to Economic Growth So far, we have identified reinforcing loops. However, nothing can grow forever. Hence, balancing loops need to be identified. A first balancing loop relates economic activity to natural capital as natural capital puts limits to economic activities.

18. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth + + + R10 Health Through Housing Natural limits to Economic Growth Natural Capital also limits well-being as more (less) health leads to more (less) people and therefore more (less) economic activity resulting in less (more) natural capital and less (more) health.

19. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B3 B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth + Natural Limits To Employment Caused by Growth Affecting Health + + R10 Health Through Housing Natural limits to Economic Growth Natural Capital also limits economic activity as more (less) health leads to more (less) employment and therefore more (less) economic activity resulting in less (more) natural capital and less (more) health

20. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) Impervious Area R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + - + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being Natural limits to Economic Growth R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B3 B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode B4 Stress Increases the Natural Limits To Growth R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth + Natural Limits To Employment Caused by Growth Affecting Health + + R10 Health Through Housing Next, there are also important balancing loops related to transport. As public and private transport infrastructure increases (decreases) so does impervious area. This will negatively (positively) affect natural capital and therefore reduce (increase) well-being through reducing (increasing) health.

21. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Emissions Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) Impervious Area R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + - - + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being Natural limits to Economic Growth R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B3 B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode B4 Stress Increases the Natural Limits To Growth R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth B5 Unhealthy Emissions Limits Growth + Natural Limits To Employment Caused by Growth Affecting Health + + R10 Health Through Housing A final balancing loop is related to emissions resulting from public and private transport. More (less) emissions result in lesser (more) health and therefore reduces (increases) well-being. Hence, emissions therefore mainly limits the growth loops due to reduced health and therefore well-being.

22. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Emissions Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) Impervious Area R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + - - + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being Natural limits to Economic Growth R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B3 B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode B4 Stress Increases the Natural Limits To Growth R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth B5 Unhealthy Emissions Limits Growth + Natural Limits To Employment Caused by Growth Affecting Health + + R10 Health Through Housing THE END!

23. Relative attractiveness Auckland Region Population Well-being (GPI) Economic Activity (GDP) Housing Employment Skills Health Education Accessibility Natural Capital Emissions Active Mode Infrastructure Transport Infrastructure (Public and Private) Impervious Area R2 + + + + + ++ R3 R5 R1 Residential Growth Economic Growth + + + + + + - - + - B1 Well-being Drives Growth Education Drives Well-being Natural limits to Economic Growth R6 Improving Workforce through Education R7 Innovation Drives Economic Growth Innovation R8 Education Improves Well- being + + ++ + + R9 + + + + + + Education Contributes to Improved Health B3 B2 Natural Limits To Wellness Caused by Growth Affecting Health R13 Growth Through Access to Economic Activities by Public and Private transport R4 Well-being Saves Lives R11 Growth Through Health Access R12 Growth Through Access to Education + + + R14 Growth Through Access by Active Mode B4 Stress Increases the Natural Limits To Growth R15 Being Active is Healthy and Drives Growth B5 Unhealthy Emissions Limits Growth + Natural Limits To Employment Caused by Growth Affecting Health + + R10 Health Through Housing Created by Hendrik Stouten Ecological Economics Research New Zealand