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Data Synchronization Issues in GALS SoCs Rostislav (Reuven) Dobkin and Ran Ginosar Technion Christos P. Sotiriou FORTH ICS- FORTH
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ICS- FORTH 2 Outline The Problem o Synchronization Failures in GALS SoCs Three solutions: o Timing verification o Synchronizers o Locally-delayed clocks Analysis
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ICS- FORTH 3 GALS with Stoppable Clocks A GALS Module contains: o Synchronous Island o Local clock generator o Self-timed wrapper (can stop the local clock) o Handshake for inter-modular communications, Moore et al., “Point to point GALS interconnect,” ASYNC 2002 Villiger et al., “Self- timed Ring for Globally- Asynchronous Locally- Synchronous Systems,” ASYNC 2003
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ICS- FORTH 4 Data Synchronization Moore et al., “Point to point GALS interconnect,” ASYNC 2002 Villiger et al., “Self- timed Ring for Globally- Asynchronous Locally- Synchronous Systems,” ASYNC 2003
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ICS- FORTH 5 Synchronization Failure Due to clock tree delay, the previous clock rise may conflict with the handshake
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ICS- FORTH 6 Synchronization Failure: RACE ! Conflict Condition: CLK = +
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ICS- FORTH 7 Conflict / Safe Zones
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Three Solutions
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ICS- FORTH 9 Solution 1: Timing Verification Extract delays Verify that CLK falls inside the SAFE zones SAFE …
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ICS- FORTH 10 Solution 1: Matched Delay Port Control
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ICS- FORTH 11 Solution 1: Disadvantages Clock tree delays must be re-verified after each layout iteration The solution is sensitive to thermal and voltage variations
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ICS- FORTH 12 Solution 2: Two-Flop Synchronizer Low bandwidth Resolution time: one clock cycle Data Cycle: At least 3 clock cycles
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ICS- FORTH 13 Solution 3: Locally Delayed Latching
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ICS- FORTH 14 Solution 3: Time Budget MSD CTRL Y1 Clock Y Port Wins Conflict MSD CTRL Y1 Clock Wins MUTEX Metastability Resolution Asynchronous Controller Delay Clock Y1 High-Phase
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ICS- FORTH 15 How much resolution time? Less than 50 FO4 delays needed to resolve metastability ASIC / SoC clocks are slow: T > 100 FO4 delays Conclusions: o Fast clocks: Half a cycle is budgeted for M/S resolution o Slower clocks (T>200 FO4): Quarter cycle REQUIRED MTBF (YEARS)
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ICS- FORTH 16 Solution 3: Operating Modes
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ICS- FORTH 17 Solution 3: A. Decoupled Input Port D CTRL = D{R3+ DO+ DI+ L- R2-}
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ICS- FORTH 18 Solution 3: B. Decoupled Output Port D CTRL = D{A4+ A1+ A3-}
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ICS- FORTH 19 Solution 3: C. A Simpler Input Port D CTRL = D LATCH + D TX {ACK+ REQ-}
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ICS- FORTH 20 Solution 3: Analysis MSD CTRL Y1 Clock Y T/4 for M/S Resolution Asynchronous Controller Delay Minimal Clock High-Phase, T HP ~3 FO4 gate delays Example: T=160 FO4 gate delays. Constraint: Conflict DLDL
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ICS- FORTH 21 Solution 3: Simulations CircuitCritical Path Latency (0.35 ) Inverter FO4 delays Decoupled Input PortR3+ Do+ Di+ L– R2–3.13 ns24 Decoupled Output PortA4+ A1+ A3–1.81 ns14 Simple Input Port with Decoupled Output Port Latch Delay A2+ R2–2.13 ns16 * These results are based on data bus width of 16 bits
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ICS- FORTH 22 Summary Design of arbitrated clocks for GALS SoCs must consider clock tree delays to control the risk of synchronization failures Presented three solutions: o Extract the delays and verify timing o Employ 2-flop synchronizers or matched-delay async ports (low bandwidth) o Employ locally-delayed ports (high bandwidth)
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ICS- FORTH 23 Synchronization Failures (3) Starting from X+, the conflict occurs when: (6) (23) (15) (16) == (5) (I)
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ICS- FORTH 24 MUTEX MTBF We require SoC MTBF of 10,000 years (100 synchronizers with 100 years MTBF each) Assuming =1gd, W=2gd, F D =F C, T=100 For 10 -11 < 10 -10 sec, we get: T=100 160 Half Quarter cycle for metastability resolution
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ICS- FORTH 25 A. DIP – STG
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ICS- FORTH 26 B. DOP– STG
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ICS- FORTH 27 Locally Delayed Latching – Full Custom Circuit
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ICS- FORTH 28 Locally Delayed Latching – Full Custom – Wave Diagram
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ICS- FORTH 29 LDL – Constraints High-Phase should be long enough: To prevent metastability in REG2, we require: E.g.
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