1. Genetics and Genetic Disorders In Beef Cattle Discussion

2. Update Items ● Genetics vs Environment ● Genetics Refresher ● Currently Recognized Disorders ● Genetic Testing ● Implications for Purebred's ● Implications for Commerical

3. Genetic vs Environmental ● Environmental – Crooked-calf ● Lupine plant ● Manganese deficiency – Hairless calves ● Iodine deficiency – Two-headed calves ● Embryonic development – Prolapse ● Genetic – Prolapse – Curly calf syndrome ● Angus, Red Angus, Charolais – Hypotrichosis ● Hairless, Hereford

4. Genetic Refresher Cattle = 60 chromosomes Gametes (sex cells) 30 chromosomes female 30 chromosomes male

5. Genetic Refresher Changes to DNA Substitution – incorrect pairing Insertion – extra nucleotide Deletion – missing nucleotide Frame Shift – enough changes in base pairs to alter amino acid coding

6. Genetic Refresher

10. WHAT IF I DON'T WANT ANY CARRIERS? HOW CAN I DETERMINE BB from Bb WITHOUT MATING?

11. GENETIC TESTING ● PCR – polymerase chain reaction ● SNP's (snips) – single nucleotide polymorphisms ● PCR – florescent tags {B = red, b = yellow) ● GeneChip – Looks a many,many base pairs for multiple animals in a single scan – 50,000k and 100,000k chips

12. GENETIC TESTING ● Methods like PCR and Chips for detecting differences in oligonucleotide sequences and SNPs has made genetic testing more practical and less expensive. ● Detection – Parentage testing – Simple recessive traits (remove carriers from population) ● Increase knowledge of complex traits and underlying mechanisms – Susceptibility to BRD – Feed efficiency

13. Genetic Disorders ● Affect many breeds ● Prone to come about through line breeding (a form of inbreeding to increase the proportion of genes from a common ancestor). ● Angus probably gets most attention because of size of registry. ● Genetic disorders are often simple recessive – Few genes – Those that express the disorder usually don't make it into production

14. Genetic Disorders ● Concerns – How many carriers are out there? – How many calves are born with the disorder? – What does it mean if we have a large number of carriers but a low proportion of expression?

15. Developmental Duplication ● Latest genetic disorder in Angus – Recognized in Australia – Calves born with extra limbs ● Remember this can be caused by embryo environment – Work of Jonathan Beever (U of Ill.) genetist found commonality in genes associated with calves compared to normal calves.

16. Developmental Duplication (polymelia) ● Genetic testing indicates 3% US sires are carriers and a breed wide frequency of 6%.

17. Concern with carriers ● Dd x Dd = 25% chance of dd. – Rare occurrence of developmental duplication – Embryonic death high among dd? ● Increased PPI ● Increased conception to herd sire vs AI sire – Complication ● Incomplete penetrance – Animals that are dd but are not exhibit duplication.

18. Purebred Implications ● Discovery of dd animals that are expressing duplication – Is the situation more difficult than first thought? ● Proactive to eliminate carriers from the breed (example known lethals like AM a.k.a. curly calf) – Possible carriers flagged (ancestry) – Required testing (sells) – Required testing (registration) – Optional testing (remove pending condition from registry) ● What about carrier bulls destined for commercial herds? This animal has one or more ancestors known to carry a mutation that can result in calves with a genetic condition known as Developmental Duplication (DD). Avoidance of mating carrier animals is an essential component of managing the incidence of genetic conditions as is the strategic use of DNA testing. AAA Statement of Certificate until confirmed by testing.

19. Commercial Implications ● Little crossbreeding – Greater risk of developing female base herd with carriers ● High degree of crossbreeding – Reduced risk of developing female base herd with carriers

20. ● Y1 calfcrop from: 1 bull [+-] x 25 cows [++] – - = simple undesirable trait – Kept 8 replacement heifers ● 4 [++] and 4[+-] ● Y3 calfcrop from: 1 bull x 17 cows [++], 4 [++],4 [+-] – 0.25 {chance of --} x 4 = 1 – Herd level odds of negative result 1:24

21. ● Y1 calfcrop from: 1 bull [+-] x 25 cows [++] – - = simple undesirable trait – Kept 8 replacement heifers ● 4 [++] and 4[+-] ● Y3 calfcrop from: 1 bull [+-] x 17 cows [++], 4 [++],4 [+-] – 0.25 {chance of --} x 4 = 1 – Herd level odds of negative result 1:24 Probability of being a carrier = (0.5) n where n = number of generations between offspring and carrier ancestor - does not factor in number of animals for herd level probability

22. Commercial Breeders ● Crossbreeding helps avert risk. ● Breeders that maintain a high percentage of certain breeds should familiarize themselves with recognized disorders and try to purchase free genotypes (> 50% cattle sold are black).

23. Currently Recognized ● 12 genetic abnormalities – 5 non-lethal, 7 lethal – 11 have gene tests UNL Publication G2055

24. Testing ● Companies (order forms and testing online) – GeneSeek (Neogen subsidiary) GeneSeek (Neogen subsidiary) – Igenity Igenity – Zoetis (used to be Pfizer) Zoetis (used to be Pfizer) ● Cost – Most $24/condition – Some discount samples > 50 ($2.00)