1. Investigation of the Topographic Effect by Using High Degree Spherical Harmonic Expansion Yan Ming Wang National Geodetic Survey, USA IAG Scientific Meeting Buenos Aires 8/31-9/4 2009

2. Potentials of the topography and its condensed surface layer are expanded into spherical harmonic series to degree and order 2700 using numerical quadrature Topographic effects on the geoid (direct, indirect effect of Helmert 2 nd condensation, topographic bias) are derived from above the spherical harmonic series Comparison between potentials of the topography and EGM08 at the spectral band (360<n ≤ 2160) Conclusions and discussions Overview

3. where the subscripts “e” and “i” denote the quantities of exterior and interior spaces, respectively. Potential of the topography in spherical harmonic series

4. and Our task is to compute the integrals above for all n and m up to 2700. Potential of the condensed surface layer

5. By using the coefficients of H**k, k=1,2,3…, the indirect and direct effects of Helmert 2 nd condensation can be expressed in terms of spherical harmonics The topographic bias can also be put into spherical harmonic series The gravity of the topography can be computed and subtracted from surface or airborne gravity anomalies to form the Bouguer anomaly Direct, indirect effect & the topographic bias in spherical harmonic series

6. 1'x1' block means from the SRTM-derived Digital Elevation Model in 30 arc-seconds grid All 1'x1'oceanic cells contain a nominal orthometric height value of zero Data Used

7. Statistics of elevation in 1'x1' mean block values, units are in meters No233280000 Mean376 RMS933 Min-416 Max8550

8. Numerical quadrature to degree and order 2700 R=6371000 m Parameters of the ellipsoid - Semi-major axis (a) = 6,378,136.3 m - Semi-minor axis (b) = 6,356,751.55863 m Method of the expansion and Parameters of the ellipsoid used

9. Cumulative geoid power (n=0,2700) of H**k in meters RMS value H341.949 H**20.177 H**30.007

10. Square root of degree variances and cumulative power of the H**k (k=1,2,3)

11. Cumulative power of potentials in geoid, units are in m, *degree 0, 1 included Potential n=2,360n=361,2700n=2,2700 Indi. Effect 0.1260.0150.127 Topog. Bias 0.2390.0400.242 Topography 76.0860.11076.086 Topography* 342.0750.110342.075

12. Indirect Effect (n=2,2700)

13. Legitimacy of comparisons: Gravity field at wavelength shorter than 100kms are due to the topography Contribution to geoid at a bandwidth 360<n≤2160 EGM08: 12.9 cmTopography: 10.9 cm Contribution to geoid at a bandwidth 700<n ≤ 2160 EGM08: 4.3 cmTopography: 5.5 cm Comparison between the potentials of the topography and the EGM08

14. Square root of degree variances and cumulative power of the topo. and EGM08

15. The potentials of the topography and its condensed surface layer are expanded into spherical harmonic series to degree and order 2700 by using the numerical quadrature. Topographic effects (e.g. gravity of the topography, direct and indirect effect, topographic bias) can be computed from above developed spherical harmonic series in about 5 minute resolution. The topography has larger power than the EGM08 above degree and order 700. Topographic potential may provide more accurate information for gravity field at this frequency bandwidth, if the impact of the density variations of the topography is not significant. Conclusions and discussions

16. The EGM08 has larger power from degree 361 to 700, indicates that the topography may be somewhat isostatic compensated at this spectral bandwidth. Conclusions and discussions (cont.)