1. Pastoral Land Tenure At The Margins Of Intensive And Extensive Land Use: Baseline Survey Results From A USAID Customary Land Rights Recognition Project In Southern Ethiopia 1 John McPeak 1, Peter Little 2, M. Mercedes Stickler 3 *, Heather Huntington 4 1 Syracuse University, 2 Emory University, 3 USAID, 4 Cloudburst Consulting Group *The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development.

2. Introduction Baseline data for an impact evaluation of USAID/Ethiopia’s Land Administration to Nurture Development (LAND) project in Ethiopia’s, Guji and Borana Zones, Oromia Region LAND Project aims to protect land and resource rights of pastoral communities and strengthen land governance institutions in customary grazing units (dheeda) Presents baseline indicators on land rights, land use, environmental quality, incomes, investments, and conflict and conflict resolution. Findings provide context for planned interventions that will be implemented and evaluated by future research. 2

3. Rationale for Study A dearth of research on the impact of strengthening communal tenure in the context of pastoralism. Pilot program for certification of communal grazing lands and strengthening customary resource management institutions. Protect land rights of pastoral communities; reduce ambiguities and conflicts over land; improve resource management Attempts to implement communal tenure initiatives in other pastoral rangelands in the region and globally have had limited positive and often negative impacts. Poor understanding of the critical role that mobility and flexible tenure institutions assume in pastoralist systems. 3

4. Study Area and Grazing Systems in Southern Ethiopia 4

5. Borana Grazing System and Institutions 5 HouseholdVillage Territorial grazing subunit used by collection of villages. Territorial grazing system Overarching grazing system governance unit Gada Dheda Reera Ola Warra Figure 1--Guji-Borana Customary Territoral Structure” Source: Hogg, 1990

6. Characteristics of Study Sites 6

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10. Research Findings: Mobility and Land Use 10

11. Reasons for a Lack of Satellite Camp Use October 2013 to September 2014. 11 Source: LAND survey data

12. 2011 Drought Year Satellite Camp Use and Permission to Use 12 Source: LAND survey data

13. Management Practices Instead of Satellite Camp Use Source: LAND survey data 13 Source: LAND survey data

14. Research Findings: Mobility and Land Use 14

15. Access to Community and Private Kalo by Woreda 15 Source: LAND survey data

16. Research Finding: Environmental Condition Contrast of Current Dheeda Condition to 5 years ago 16 Source: LAND survey data

17. Why have things gotten worse? 17 Source: LAND survey data

18. Research Findings: Land Use 18

19. Cumulative Percent for When a Cultivated Plot was Established 19

20. Research Findings: Land Use and Tenure How was field obtained by woreda 20 Source: LAND survey data

21. Do you have registration documents for the farm land? 21 Source: LAND survey data

22. The process for claiming a plot was fair and transparent? 22 Source: LAND survey data

23. What has been the impact of land allocation on grazing? 23 Source: LAND survey data

24. Research Finding: Land-based Conflict and Resolution What Kinds of Disputes are you Aware Happened in your Area over the Past 12 Months? BoundaryWaterGrazingForestPrivatizeCropSaltRaid Borana Zone Arero10%5%9%2%1% 0%1% Dhas2% 0% 2%0% Dillo0% Dirre0%1%3%0% 1%0% Miyo0% Teltelle2% 1%0%2%0%1% Yabello5%3%5%3%0%1%0% Guji Zone Gorodolo21%1% 0%1%0% Liben17%1%4%0% 1%0%2% Wadera2%1%2%0% 1%0% SatisfiedNotCases Elders85%15%46 Gada75%25%12 Government55%45%286 Were you Satisfied by the Way it was Resolved by Whom it Was Resolved? Source: LAND survey data

25. Research Finding: Land-based Conflict and Resolution Who was asked to resolve the conflict? 25 Source: LAND survey data