1. 3-1 Peripherals & I/O lines All the on-chip peripherals are configured and controlled through Special Function Registers (SFR) Many of the SFR’s are bit addressable The 111 I/O lines are arranged into Ports Some port lines have multiple functions which must be configured for correct operation of the required function.

2. 3-2 Infineon 167 I/O Ports 111 I/O lines with individual bit addressability Tri-stated in input mode Selectable input thresholds (not on all pins) Push/pull or open drain output mode Programmable port driver control

3. 3-3 M167CS Functional Block Diagram

4. 3-4 Digital I/O Ports Port is where data enters/leaves the system Digital I/O lines are normally grouped into 8-bit ports or possibly 16-bit ports Ports must be configured for input or output before they are used Most ports allow a mixture of inputs and outputs on the same port Some microcontrollers have instructions that access individual bits of a port

5. 3-5 M167 digital I/O ports Associated with a port is a DIRECTION register and on some a Port output control Port direction - '0' = input, '1' = output Output control – '0' = Push/pull, '1' = open-drain In Keil 'C' all the SFR's are defined in the header file "c167cs.h" with the Infineon standard names  Px – is Port x  DPx – is the Direction for Port x  ODPx = Open Drain Control for Port x

6. 3-6 Typical Port Structure

7. 3-7 Output Driver Types Push/Pull Output DriverOpen-Drain Output Driver

8. 3-8 Parallel Ports in u-Vision 2

9. 3-9 Using all bits of ports Outputs  DP4 = 0xff; // Direction all outputs  P4 = value8; // output value to all 8-bits  DP2 = 0xffff;  P2 = value16; Inputs  DP6 = 0x00; //Direction all inputs  x = P6; // Read all 8-bits into variable x  x would normally be an unsigned char but could be unsigned int

10. 3-10 Bit Manipulation in 'C' 'C' bit operators (binary operators) OP symbol Description &AND |OR ^XOR >> n shift bits right n places << n shift bits left n places y = y OP z; can be written as y OP= z; E.g.'s y = y & 0x80;y = y >> 4; y &= 0x80;y >>= 4; unary operator ~complements (invert all bits) e.g. y = ~y;

11. 3-11 Masking to achieve bit manipulations Masking uses AND and OR operators Use OR ('|') to set bits to '1' Use AND ('&') to set bits to 0 OR ABOutput 000 011 101 111 AND ABOutput 000 010 100 111 XOR ABOutput 000 011 101 110

12. 3-12 Controlling output bits – Output Masking Setting bits to 1 using OR (|) General format: Port = Port | mask; Mask has '1' to set a bit, '0' to leave bit unchanged. Example: Set bit 3 to '1' P4 = P4 | 0x08; // 0x08 = 00001000 binary Setting bits to 0 using AND (&) General format: Port = Port & mask; Mask has '0' to clear a bit, and '1' to leave bit unchanged. Example: Set bit 3 to '0' P4 = P4 & 0xf7; // 0xf7 = 11110111 binary

13. 3-13 Input Masking Use AND (&) and a mask to isolate a selected bit Used in input Polling to test an individual input bit Loop until a bit becomes logic '1' while( (P4 & 0x08) == 0) { ; }  Two possible results 00000000 or 00001000  I.e. zero or non-zero Loop until a bit becomes logic '0' while( (P4 & 0x08) != 0) { ; } Often written as while( P4 & 0x80); // in 'C' zero is FALSE, non-zero is TRUE

14. 3-14 bit variables The Keil C compiler supports the bit addressable features of Infineon microcontrollers General declaration format sbit bitname = Portx^y; // port x bit y E.g.sbit motor_dir = DP2^10; sbit motor = P2^10; MUST declare sbit's before 'C' main() function Using sbit's motor_dir = 1; // Set bit to output motor = 1; //turn on motor