1. Programming Paradigms and languages

2. Criteria Covered in this presentation
P1:describe the application and limits of procedural, object oriented and event driven programming paradigms
P2:describe the factors influencing the choice of programming language
P3:explain sequence, selection and iteration as used in computer programming
P4:outline the benefits of having a variety of data types available to the programmer

3. Programming Paradigms
A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming
Procedural
Event driven
Object oriented

4. Procedural Paradigm
The focus of procedural programming is to break down a programming task into a collection of variables, data structures, and subroutines
Procedural languages are the most traditional types of language, and usually the first type that is learnt.
They include Fortran, Pascal, Basic and C.
Specifies the steps the program must take to reach the desired state.
Inclusion of reusable subprograms (procedures, functions) to avoid repetition of coding.
Procedural languages are very good for small-scale projects.

5. Limitations of Procedural Paradigm
To limit the program flow in 1-dimensional (or linear way). Most of software developers would have been brain-washed to think this way.
The most serious limitation is the tendency for large procedural-based programs to turn into "spaghetti-code".
Spaghetti code is code that has been modified so many times that the logical flow becomes so complicated. Accordingly, any new programmer coming onto the project needs a two month prep-course in order to even begin to understand the software innards

6. Event Driven Paradigm
The flow of the program is determined by events, such as or user actions (mouse clicks, key presses) or messages from other programs
Is widely used in graphical user interfaces
Is clearly divided down to two sections:
the first is event selection (or event detection)
the second is event handling.
Limitations Sometimes leading programmers to create error prone, difficult to extend and excessively complex application code

7. Object Oriented Paradigm
Object-orientated languages provide an excellent model for programming and designing computer software
They include C , Smalltalk and Java.
An object-oriented program may be viewed as a collection of interacting objects
Objects are consisting of datafields and methods

8. Limitations of OOP
Not all programs can be modeled accurately by the objects model. If you just want to read in some data, do something simple to it and write it back out, you have no need to define classes and objects.
Another disadvantage is that one programmer's concept of what constitutes an abstract object might not match the vision of another programmer. The objects often require extensive documentation.

9. Types of programming languages
There are so many types of programming languages
In this presentation, only two are mentioned:
Visual Programming languages
Script languages
Mark up languages

10. Programming Languages
Visual languages use images to communicate concepts based on spatial context, as opposed to a linear (text) context.
One example of a visual language is Visual Basic.Net, which is part of the Visual Studio.Net package.
Other languages include script and markup languages that can be used for web page design, such as JavaScript and hypertext markup language (HTML).

11. Factors influencing the choice of programming languages
Organizational policy : where a default programming language is used as standard
Suitability : how functional and user friendly is it in terms of features and tools? Is it easy to learn?
Availability of trained staff: user expertise and their level of understanding or training in a particular language
Reliability of the language: is it a reliable language? e.g. does it provide adequate exception handling?
Expandability : is it capable of expanding with the organization or task requirement?

12. Factors influencing the choice of programming languages
6. Development and maintenance costs :
Some languages become obsolete or unsupported
Cost is influenced by a variety of factors including:
Training of programmers
Cost/Time of writing the actual program
Compiler cost (time and development environment cost)
Execution cost (deployment environment cost)
Bugs and reliability issues
Maintenance

13. Features of Programming Languages

14. Data Types
Data types define the format or context of the data. For example, a data type could be classed as:
Text
Can include any alphanumeric characters, for example abc123.
Text benefits from the flexibility of combining both characters and numbers together, a good example being in an address field.
Integer
A whole number such as 1, 2, 3 or 4.
Benefits of using an Integer are that less storage space is required, a counter can be used, mathematical operations can be performed and comparisons can be made.
Floating point
A ‘ real number ’ that has a decimal point.
The benefits of using a floating point are that percentages, areas, measurements and computations can be stored.

15. Data Types Byte Date Boolean
used for storing binary data in a computer system.
Date
will represent data in a specific date format
It is beneficial to users as it will prompt them to enter the date in a set format, for example --/--/----, 22/02/1972.
Boolean
a logic value that will return a ‘ true ’ or ‘ false ’ value.
Boolean data types are very small, requiring one bit, 0 or 1, representing true or false.

16. Benefits of having different data types
Efficiency of storage: efficient memory allocation for variables
 Imposes less bugs to programs: allows you to catch common coding problems during compilation and during development before delivering the code to production
Allows the runtime to understand how to implement the operators: Operators perform differently for different types(+ adding numbers or connecting strings)
Allows code and subroutine parameters to be more expressive
Programs become more secure: because a data's type specification limits what the data can be used for
They also provide conveniences in developing and maintaining the code.