1. Surveys Sample Size By R. Heberto Ghezzo Ph.D. R. Heberto Ghezzo Ph.D. Meakins-Christie laboratories McGill University - Montreal - Canada

2. Objective of the Study Estimation Comparison Prevalence Odds- Ratio [Relative Risk if Cohort] Prevalence Odds-ratios [Relative Risk if Cohort]

3. Estimation Confidence level - 90 %; 95 %; 99 % Acceptable width of interval - 1 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %

4. Comparison Error type 1 - alpha - 0.05 ; 0.01 Smallest difference worth detecting - delta Error type 2 - beta - 0.10 ; 0.05 ; 0.01

5. Error type 1 - alpha Error in claiming a difference when there is none. Alpha percent of normal people are thus classified into “abnormal”

6. Error type 2 - beta Error of not finding a difference when the difference is greater than the threshold or value of delta. Depends on the definition of the threshold i.e. the difference worth detecting, delta.

7. Which size? In surveys the errors are generally the same i.e. alpha = beta The level depends on the importance of the issue. Critical studies use beta=0.01

8. Estimation of a Prevalence n = z 2 1-a/2 p(1 - p) / d 2 n = z 2 1-a/2 (1 - p) / e 2 p a = error type 1 - alpha d = absolute width of conf.interval e = relative width of conf.interval

9. Estimation of an Odds-Ratio n = z 2 1-a/2 {1/p1(1-p1) + 1/p2(1-p2)} / ln 2 (1-e) a = error type 1 - alpha e = relative width of conf.interval p1 = proportion exposed in cases p2 = proportion exposed in controls. OR = p1(1-p2)/(1-p1)p2

10. Estimation of a Relative Risk n = z 2 1-a/2 {(1-p1)/p1 + (1-p2)/p2} / ln 2 (1-e) a = error type 1 - alpha e = relative width of conf.interval p1 = proportion exposed in cases p2 = proportion exposed in controls. RR = p1/p2

11. Comparing 2 prevalence n = {z 1-a/2  2p(1-p) + z 1-b p1(1-p1)+p2(1-p2)} 2 /(p1-p2) 2 p = (p1 + p2)/2 If p < 0.05 N = (z 1-a/2 + z 1-b ) 2 / [0.00061(arcsin p2 - arcsin p1) 2 ] b = beta = 1-Power

12. Testing Odds Ratio > 1.0 n = {z 1-a/2  2p2(1-p2) + z 1-b p1(1-p1)+p2(1-p2)} 2 /(p1-p2) 2 b = beta = 1-Power p1 = prevalence of exposure in cases p2 = prevalence of exposure in controls

13. Total Sample Size If design is stratified and tests/estimations will be done at each strata. The sample size applies to each strata. Otherwise all within strata comparisons or estimations will have larger errors or confidence intervals.

14. True Size I These formulae are theoretical. No real variable is truly normal. The estimator of variability has its own variability. There is no guarantee that the precision postulated will be achieved.

15. True Size II The estimator of variability comes from a different study. If the variability of the proposed study is larger the precision will deteriorate. Always use a beta error smaller than really needed and adjust the sample size upwards to a round number.

16. Non Response The sample size refers to the number of complete responses needed. Non response must be estimated and taken into account to arrive to the final size

17. Imputation To impute is to fake a value that does not exist Only to complete observations for a multivariate technique