1. Audio and Visual Technologies
Teaching and Learning with Technology
Audio and Visual Technologies
Chapter 9
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

2. Audio in Teaching and Learning
Listening includes both hearing and comprehending audio
Effective listening for learning includes
Accurate hearing
Focused listening
Reinforcement to stimulate neural connections
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

3. Traditional Audio Media
Audio Cassette
Economic, durable, and easy-to-use
Uses magnetic tape to record voice, music, and other sounds
Can be used in centers, small groups, or large group instruction to add audio elements
May be used for talking books, multimedia kits, oral histories and journals
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

4. Traditional Audio Media
Broadcast Audio
Received via radio or cable audio channels
Enhances content with current events, music, and foreign language
Telephone
May be used to bring speakers in via phone
Can also be used to include home-bound students in class activities
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

5. Digital Audio Media Optical Media (CD-ROMs)
Offer better clarity and greater storage capacity when compared with traditional audio media
Easier to directly access target audio for replay
With CD-Rs and CD-RWs you can also record audio
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

6. Digital Audio Media Internet Audio
You can download audio rather than acquire CDs
While audio clips in Wav and MP3 formats are widely available, MP3 is gaining popularity because it require smaller files
You will need media players (typically free) to play back these files
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

7. Digital Audio Media MP3 Files
Sometime include visualizations (graphics or video) displayed during audio playback
MP3 players usually include recording and playback controls to enhance quality and control sequences
Typically music but may also include any other audio elements
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

8. Digital Audio Media Internet Radio
Using streaming media, many radio stations simultaneously broadcast via the Web as well as the airwaves
National and international stations outside the local area are now available via the Web
Include music, news and talk stations from around the world
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

9. Visual Communication
Visual literacy is the ability to correctly interpret visual signals
Visual experiences in education should be designed to encourage visual literacy
Awareness of effective visual design helps to impart visual literacy skills to students
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

10. Visual Communication Visual Design Basics
Visual design includes text, visual elements, and affective elements
Text refers to all aspects of text including fonts, spacing, color, and sizes
Visual elements include graphics, symbols, real objects, and organizational elements
Affective elements are visual components that can elicit responses from viewers
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

11. Visual Communication Visual Design Guidelines Relevance
All elements should add clarity to the visual
Graphics should accurately illustrate the intended concept
Coherence and Consistency
Include only those elements that support the message
All elements should be consistent with each other and with the message
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

12. Visual Communication Visual Design Guidelines Proportion and Contrast
Proportion refers to relative size of elements
Contrast refers to the arrangement and balance of the various elements
Use proportion and contrast to draw attention to the most significant aspects of the message
Unity and Direction
Elements must work together to communicate the focus of the message and then to direct the viewer to subsequent components
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

13. Traditional Visual Media
Non-Projected Visuals
Real objects include all objects that can be brought into the classroom and used as a visual enhancement
Models are 3-D representations of real objects or concepts
Exhibits are displays or dioramas that are created or arranged to illustrate instructional concepts
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

14. Traditional Visual Media
Non-Projected Visuals
Print Materials include commercial and teacher-made paper materials
Graphics and Photos are pictorial images used to illustrate and clarify
Technologies for Non-Projected visuals include
Bulletin Boards
Flip Charts
Magnetic Boards
Chalk Boards
White Boards
Electronic White Boards
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

15. Traditional Visual Media
Projected Visuals and their Technologies
Overhead Projectors
Shine light through transparencies for large group projection of the images
Transparencies can be drawn or printed with ink jet or laser printers – the right transparency film must be used with each
Commercial transparencies are frequently available with texts or in supplemental books
Transparencies can also be created with common software such as word processors
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

16. Traditional Visual Media
Projected Visuals and their Technologies
Slide Projectors
Slides are small film images mounted in cardboard which are typically organized in trays
Photographic slides remain popular because they offer the most accurate, high resolution color images
Slides require limited equipment for projection but may deteriorate with age
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

17. Non-traditional Visual Media
Digital Projectors
Used to project digital images from computers, digital cameras, and photo CDs
Allow for large group display of anything digital
Document Cameras
Video camera mounted on a stand to capture and display live video images
May use monitor or digital projector for display
Can be use to zoom in on a real time demonstration or to share images of small objects
 Allyn and Bacon 2002

18. Multimedia Combining multiple media into a single integrated whole
Multimedia includes audio and visual elements typically stored on a CD-ROM with hyperlinks between the elements
Multimedia must be carefully evaluated for good design and appropriate and meaningful audio and visual elements
 Allyn and Bacon 2002