1. Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida
Chapter 7
Simpson, 2nd Edition

3. C. Order Asparagales Hemerocallidaceae – day-lily family
Hemerocallis fulva day-lily

4. C. Order Asparagales
Alliaceae – onion family
13/600

5. C. Order Asparagales
Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis family
59/850

6. C. Order Asparagales
Asphodelaceae – Aloe family
15/780

7. C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae - iris family
P3+3 or (3+3) A3 or (3) G(3) inferior mostly
C. Order Asparagales
Iridaceae - iris family
70/1750 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity
equitant leaves
sepals and petals petaloid but dimorphic
showy flowers radial to strongly zygomorphic
stigma petaloid (Iris)
anther under stigma branch

8. C. Order Asparagales Iridaceae - iris family Gladiolus Crocus Freesia
Sisyrinchium

9. C. Order Asparagales
Iridaceae - iris family

10. C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family
P(3+3) A1-3 G(3) inferior with gynostemium
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
800/20,000 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity
column
stigma
pollinia
anther cap
1) strongly mycotropic habit in terrestrial species
2) diverse in tropics and subtropics; many epiphytic
3) numerous tiny seeds with minute mostly undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm
4) bilateral corolla with labellum = lower lip (simple, sac or spur) [labellum is actually the upper petal but because of resupination, a 180° twist, it appears as the lower one]
6) pollinia - waxy or mealy masses under anther cap
7) gynostemium - stigma + styles + androecium = column
8) pollination involves many elaborate mechanisms
9) five subfamilies

11. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

12. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

13. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

14. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

15. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

16. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family

17. C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
Spiranthes cernua

18. C. Order Asparagales Orchidaceae - orchid family
Vanilla planifolia - vanilla extracted from the fermented capsules
Orchidaceae - orchid family
Platanthera praeclara - Prairie fringed orchid
Habenaria – green fringed orchid
Cattleya - common cultivated
form
Cypripedium - Lady’s slipper

19. Commelinids monophyletic
chemical apomorphy: cell walls fluoresce under UV light due to a class of organic acids (coumaric, diferulic, ferulic)

20. D. Order Arecales Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family
P3+3 A3+3 or (3+3) G3or(3) superior
Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family
200/3000 pantropical
arborescent habit – no secondary growth (from vascular cambium)
unbranched trunks
broad leaf blade
large fan-shaped or pinnately compound leaves = frond
well developed vascular system that has vessels in all vegetative organs
mycorrhizal roots (lack root hairs)
immense economic importance, 2nd only to Poaceae edible fruits, oils, waxes, building materials, numerous ornamentals

21. D. Order Arecales Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family
Cocos - coconut palm
D. Order Arecales
Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family
Phoenix - date palm
Washingtonia- fan palm

22. E. Commelinales K3or(3) C3or(3) A3or3+3 G(3) superior
Commelinaceae - spiderwort family
39/640cosmopolitan
herbs with swollen nodes
somewhat succulent
leaves with closed sheaths; spiral along stem
flowers subtended by boat-shaped spathes
Commelina - dayflower
Tradescantia - spiderwort

23. E. Commelinales Commelinaceae - spiderwort family Prairie Spiderwort
Tradescantia occidentalis

24. F. Zingiberales P(3+3) A5-6 G(3) inferior Musaceae – banana family
3/40 cosmopolitan
perennial herbs
monecious
stems subterranean
leaves large, basal, spiral, sheathing forming pseudostem of overlapping leaf bases
Old world origins
Food: Musa acuminata and M. X paradisiaca
Fiber: M. textilis & M. basjoo

25. F. Poales basal groups with showy flowers
many species have small, reduced, wind-pollinated flowers

26. F. Poales Typhaceae - cattail family 1/13 cosmopolitan
P0-3 A3
P0-3 G1 superior
Typhaceae - cattail family
1/13 cosmopolitan
emergent aquatics
rhizomatous perennials
leaves simple, entire
monecious
inflorescence double spadix
male above
female below
sepals of bristles or scales
wind pollination
female inflorescence disperses wind-dispersed fruits

27. F. Poales
Typhaceae - cattail family

28. E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family
P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior
Bromeliaceae - pineapple family
59/2400 New World – tropical diversity
perennial herbs or shrubs
terrestrial or epiphytic
absorptive peltate trichomes – water & mineral
water can collect in “well” by the overlapping leaf bases (tank)
leaves often form dense basal rosettes
leaves leathery or fleshy
twisted stigmas

29. E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family
P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior
Bromeliaceae - pineapple family

30. E. Poales Bromeliaceae - pineapple family Tillandsia – spanish moss
Ananas comosus - pineapple

31. E. Poales Juncaceae - rush family 7/350 worldwide
P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior
Juncaceae - rush family
7/350 worldwide
perennial herbs
“grass-like”
variable stems
cylindrical, leaflless stems
flattened stems & 2-ranked equitant leaves
distinct flowers (unlike sedges and grasses) never in spikelets
scarious (thin, dry) perianth
common in wet areas
fruit loculicidal capsule

32. E. Poales Cyperaceae - sedge family P6or0 A3 G(2-3) superior
104/5000cosmopolitan; wetlands of temperate and colder regions
“grass-like” herbs
semi-aquatic
stems 3-sided, solid pith
leaves three-ranked
blades flat
inflorescence of 1-many spikelets
fruit = achene

33. E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family

34. E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family

35. E. Poales Cyperaceae - sedge family Cyperus - sedge Scirpus - bullrush
Carex - sedge
Eleocharis – spike-rush

36. E. Poales P2-3 lodicules A2-3 G(2-3) superior
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
668/9500 cosmopolitan
herbs
stems terete, swollen nodes, hollow
leaves two-ranked with ligules
roots adventitious and fibrous
rhizomes/stolons
culms erect
intercalary meristems
inflorescence a spikelet with 2 basal bracts (glumes)
floret with 2 bracts (lemma & palea)
fruit caryopsis (grain)

38. E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

39. E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

40. E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

41. E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

42. E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family

43. E. Poales Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii
Little Bluestem – Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)
Indian Grass – Sorghastrum nutans
Switch Grass – Panicum virgatum