1. Digital Modulation The discontinuity between analog and digital modulation is that in analog modulation, there are theoretically an infinite number of possible states for the carrier/channel; in digital modulation, there is a finite number of states (symbols) for the carrier/channel, and we can design the set of states to optimize decision accuracy at the receiver.

2. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Oscillator 180 o 90 o 180 o BPSK QPSK 0 0 1 1 01 Bit 0 Bit 1 00 01 11 10

3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Oscillator 180 o 90 o 180 o QPSK 0 0 1 1 + + Bit 0 Bit 1 00 01 11 10

4. Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) e.g., A zero causes a 180 degree phase change, a one causes no phase change. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0  delay Data To Phase Modulator delay LPF Data Rx Mixer

5. Carrier Recovery BPSK @ f IF BP @ f IF X 2 BPF @ 2 f IF PD Loop Filter VCOX 2 PD LPF Data

6. Quiz A 3 kHz BW analog signal of 5v p-p is quantized a resolution of DQ = 0.020 volts. What is the transmitted bit rate (+/- 5%)?

7. Differential QPSK 00 01 11 10 Phase Reference: Previous Carrier Phase

8. Quadrature Demodulation Carrier Recovery (x4) 90 o LPF 00 01 11 10 I-bit Q-bit I-data Q-data QPSK

9. Bit Clock Recovery T/2 Delay I or Q Data RZ Signal Narrowband PLL: f c = 1/T Recovered Bit Clock T

10. Other Quadrature Modulations 8-PSK 8-QAM (4 Phase) 8-QAM (8 Phase)16-QAM