2. BDNF LTP Learning & Memory Voluntary wheel runningTreadmill running 1. Genetic differences 2. Effects of environment enrichment 3. Temporal relationship between the end of running and the effect of measurement Stress Control exercise duration, intensity, and cessation time

3. Each of the four 5’-exons (I-IV) includes its own promotor, and is combined with the 3’ exon (V) to yield an mRNA coding for pre-pro-BDNF. The short white stretch in exon V represents an alternative splice site, giving rise to two differentially spliced mRNA variants for each of the four transcripts. Each of these mRNAs is expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner.  

4. How different treadmill exercise protocols would affect rat hippocampal BDNF gene expression?

5. severe exercise 2h after running 2h after running Stress Familiarization 1 week Acute exercise 1-3 days severe exercise 1 days 2h after running Acute Familiarization 1 week Treadmill exercise 4 weeks 2h after running 2d after running Training 1. Citratrate synthase activity in soleus muscles Confirm exercise effects 2. Morris water mazeSpatial learning 3. ELISABDNF protein levels 4. Real-time RT-PCRBDNF mRNA levels 5. Serum corticosterone levels Stress levels

6. Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups *  N.D

7.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D

8.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3 

9.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3      

10.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h; -2d

11.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h;-2d  d1/d3 

12.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h;-2d  d1/d3 

13. *  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h;-2d  d1/d3  

14.  2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h;-2d  d1/d3   (not sig.) N.D

15.   2h; - 2d Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D  - d1/d3        2h;-2d  d1/d3   N.D - N.D??N.D

16. 1.4-wk exercise training enhanced hippocampal BDNF mRNA and protein level at 2h after the last run but not after 2d.

17. 2. An acute moderate exercise increased BDNF protein levels, but not mRNA levels. 3. Under a familiarization regimen, BDNF protein and mRNA levels were increased; otherwise, they were not. 4. 4-wk exercise training promoted the spatial learning, while acute stress impaired it. 5. Exercise with a familiarization did not cause stress

18.    d1/d3   2h; - 2d  2h;-2d  Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D - d1/d3      N.D - 1.4-wk exercise increases BDNF protein levels to a greater extend than a single bout of exercise is due to the priming effect of repetitive exercise.

19.    d1/d3   2h; - 2d  2h;-2d  Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D - d1/d3      N.D - 2. Acute treadmill exercise, regardless of its intensity, may alter BDNF expression at the translational level or posttranslational level, whereas only high intensity or long-term exercise can affect gene expression at the transcriptional level.

20. 3. Treadmill exercise training could improve spatial learning by elevating BDNF gene expression.    d1/d3   2h; - 2d  2h;-2d  Citrate synthase activity BDNF mRNA levels BDNF protein levels Escape latency Corticosterone levels 4-wk exercise training Mod. Exercise Sev. Exercise with familiar. Sev. Exercise without familiar. Immobilization plus water AcuteStress Results Groups N.D - d1/d3      N.D -

21. Really? - - - Run, run, run!