1. Curriculum, components, development and evaluation
Dr. Farzana Mahdi
Professor
Department of Biochemistry

2. Curriculum Learning Objectives
After this interaction, learner should be able to-
-- Define and explain the concept of curriculum
-- Enumerate curriculum foundations and components
-- Explain the curriculum in his/her own subject area
-- Discuss the importance and need for curriculum
evaluation

3. Definition
“Curriculum is a plan of action which incorporates the learning outcomes to be attained over a period of time by exposing the learner to various learning experiences”

4. What is a Curriculum? ? A statement of learning objectives
? A statement of learning experiences
? A statement of learning outcomes
? A listing of the subject matter (syllabus)

5. feedback and supervision.
WHAT IS CURRICULUM?
Entry
requirements
Flexibilities
Intended aims & objectives, content, experiences, outcomes and processes of the educational programme
Education structure
Assessment
system
Length
Programme
organisation
CURRICULUM
Syllabus content:
Knowledge, skills,
attitudes, expertise
to be achieved.
Expected methods of
learning, teaching,
feedback and supervision.

6. Latin word means “ Race- course”
Curriculum
Latin word means “ Race- course”
What it denotes?

7. It denotes Path to be followed
Frame within which it has to be followed

8. ? Curriculum Provides direction to both teachers as well as students
Assists in selection of appropriate learning resource material
Helps to adopt appropriate teaching-learning activities
Helps in designing appropriate assessment tools
Ultimately helps designing relevant and efficient educational programme

9. *Educational strategy Teaching Learning tools Educational Enviornment
Curriculum
Student
What to learn
*Content
How to learn
*Educational strategy
Teaching Learning tools
Assessment
Educational Enviornment
Learning Outcome

10. Curriculum Development

11. Models of curriculum Development
The Tyler model
The Taba Model
The Saylor and Alexander Model
The Goodlad Model
The Hunkins Model
The Miller and Seller Model
The Zais Model

12. Zais Model
Needs knowledge of – A – Curriculum foundations B – Curriculum components

14. Curriculum foundations  Answer of four basic questions give desired shape to curriculum
Why a subject is being taught?
Who is being taught?
MBBS/BDS
How a subject will be taught?
face to face or distance mode
What is to be achieved 
Learning outcome

15. Why is anatomy being taught?
Students understand the
Inter- relationship of various structures of human body in better way
Students score better in AIPGME/ state
PGME/ USMLE
Emphasis on basics
Emphasis on recent
advances

16. Curricular Components
Educational Objectives
what will the learner be able to do at the end of instructions.
Educational Materials
learning resources like books, manuals, models, A - V aids etc.
Educational Methods
denote the way the materials will be used e. g. lectures, practicals, group discussions, self study, field visits etc.
Evaluation
to certify the attainment of stipulated proficiency; and to provide a feedback to the learner and the teacher

17. Which is correct ? A B Objectives Materials Methods
Assessment planning
Assessment

18. “Begin with the end in mind”

19. √ Which is correct ? A B Objectives Materials Methods
Assessment planning
Assessment √

20. Curriculum development
Curriculum planning should be flexible
(example of communication skill)
Same learning objective could be achieved by using different teaching methodology.

21. Curriculum development
Approaches
Subject centered
Learner centered
Problem solving

22. Subject centered approach
Emphasis to complete subject matter
Number of lectures / number of topics / number of hours are assigned   
(Contemporary MBBS curriculum)

23. DISCIPLINE BASED O & G SURG MED PED FM PATH MICR PHARM CM ANAT PHYSIO
BIO CH.
BIO
PHY
MATH
CHEM
COMP
G.K.

24. Learner centered approach
Approaches
Subject centered
Learner centered
Problem solving
Emphasis on fulfilling the needs of learner.
Students will be active and responsible participants in their own learning.
Strengthens student motivation, promotes peer communication, builds student‐teacher relationships and promotes active learning.
(Learner’s intent to crack PGME/USMLE/ NEET)

25. BE LEARNER ORIENTED STUDENT DECIDES ON Learning objectives
Course contents
Methods to be used to achieve objectives
Learning resources
Sequence and pace of learning.
Time of Assessment
BE LEARNER ORIENTED

26. Problem solving approach
Approaches
Subject centered
Learner centered
Problem solving
Emphasis on ability of learner to solve a given problem
Involves subject as well as learner centered approach

27. None of the approaches are entirely satisfactory

28. SPICES model of Medical curriculum (Harden et al 1984)
Modern System
Traditional System
Student-centered -
Teacher-centered
Problem-based
Information-gathering
Integrated
Discipline-based
Community-based
Hospital-based
Electives
Standard-program
Systematic
Apprenticeship-based
(More the curriculum is on left side, the better it is )

29. INEGRATION
HORIZONTOL
VERTICAL
SPIRAL

31. INTEGRATED
Anatomy
Biochemistry

32. Advantages of Integration
Reduces fragmentation of medical course.
Improves education effectiveness of teaching.
Promotes staff communication and collaboration.
Advantages of subject based
Omission of topics is avoided.
Content of discipline is not neglected.
Less costly.
Teacher friendly.
Provides a career choice.

33. Curriculum Designs Student oriented Problem Based Integrated
Teacher oriented
Problem Based
Information Gathering
Integrated
Discipline based
Community Oriented
Hospital based
Elective
Uniform
Systematic
Apprenticeship/ Opportunistic
THE IDEAL MODEL?

34. Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

35. Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY STATE HEALTH POLICY
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

36. Ideal Curriculum NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY STATE HEALTH POLICY
UNIVERSITY GOALS
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater

37. Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum
STATE HEALTH POLICY
UNIVERSITY GOALS
Curriculum Goals
Department Goals
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater
Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies

38. Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
Ideal Curriculum
STATE HEALTH POLICY
UNIVERSITY GOALS
Curriculum Goals
Department Goals
Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies
Ex – I want them to appreciate theater. I want to become informed voters. I want them to become reflective practitioners
Alignment (integration) occurs when the all of the elements are in alignment and bring students to achieve each successive higher level. To ENSURE THE TIME AND ENERGY ARE WELL INVESTED!
Design with the end in mind… Work backwards from the highest level.
The curriculum goals – in a course on chemistry, don’t teach sociology or women’s issues
The instructor’s goals – you’re the professor, you don’t take a course, you take a professor…
Pause, Think of the people who have influenced you most in your life. It’s likely one of those people was teacher or professor. What passion do you have for your subject? What is the single most important thing you want students to get out of your course?
Team Building I want them to think like team building consultants
Ilene V. I want them to think like group dynamics consultants
D. Cox I want them to develop cogent points of view on health issues
Rachel Burks I want them to become informed voters on scientific issues
Richard Gist I want them to become informed consumers of advertising
Tom C. I want them to appreciate theater D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn
Assignments

39. Present situation of medical education
UNIV. GOAL
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
STATE HEALTH POLICY
Curriculum Goals
Department Goals
Objectives - Assessments & Teaching Strategies
What happens of the pieces are not in alignment?
Well, remember the purpose of SP&DNT to justify the effort involved. If the web components SP or DNT they enhance T & L enough to justify the effort.
What if you create an online discussion that lasts one week or longer – or create a series of OD’s – that have no relevance to the course objectives? You’ve just created an assignment that involves a lot of work for you and your students that has little payoff.
The aim here is to ensure the time and effort are well invested. The purpose of TETL isn’t to add more assignments and online components to your course. The purpose is to find alternate ways to accomplish your objectives that enable you to SP & DNT. = a different way to teach the course and when it works it should be a way that you find more effective. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Dn
Assignments

40. Curricular determinants
National health objectives Institutional Objectives Departmental Objectives Subject Content Learning experiences Assessment plan

42. Curriculum Development: A Six Step Approach David E Kern

43. Contents Step 1 Problem Identification and General Needs Assessment
Step 2 Targeted Needs Assessment
Step 3 Goals and Objectives
Step 4 Educational Strategies
Step 5 Implementation
Step 6 Evaluation and Feedback

44. CURRICULUM IS TOO IMPORTANT NOT TO BE EVALUATED

45. WHAT CAN EVALUATION ADDRESS?
intentions vs achievement: curriculum in practice
outcomes & effects
structure
content
relevance
EVALUATION
teaching
process
learning
professional induction
cost-benefit
the unexpected
qualities of graduates
But almost never, cause and effect

46. THE EVALUATION SYSTEM OUTCOME PURPOSE CONTEXT METHOD Decision
Communication
Curriculum change & development

47. APPROACH There is no one ‘correct’ approach
Your evaluation MUST be based on your defined objectives.
Remember:
Evaluation is part of a change management process for curriculum renewal

48. "Curriculum is in the air. No matter
what the problem in medical education,
curriculum is looked to as the solution“
R M Harden