1. The Beta-beam http://cern.ch/beta-beam/
Mats Lindroos
on behalf of
The beta-beam study group
Swiss neutrino meeting

2. Collaborators The beta-beam study group:
CEA, France: Jacques Bouchez, Saclay, Paris Olivier Napoly, Saclay, Paris Jacques Payet, Saclay, Paris
CERN, Switzerland: Michael Benedikt, AB Peter Butler, EP Roland Garoby, AB Steven Hancock, AB Ulli Koester, EP Mats Lindroos, AB Matteo Magistris, TIS Thomas Nilsson, EP Fredrik Wenander, AB
Geneva University, Switzerland: Alain Blondel Simone Gilardoni
GSI, Germany: Oliver Boine-Frankenheim B. Franzke R. Hollinger Markus Steck Peter Spiller Helmuth Weick
IFIC, Valencia: Jordi Burguet, Juan-Jose Gomez-Cadenas, Pilar Hernandez, Jose Bernabeu
IN2P3, France: Bernard Laune, Orsay, Paris Alex Mueller, Orsay, Paris Pascal Sortais, Grenoble Antonio Villari, GANIL, CAEN Cristina Volpe, Orsay, Paris
INFN, Italy: Alberto Facco, Legnaro Mauro Mezzetto, Padua Vittorio Palladino, Napoli Andrea Pisent, Legnaro Piero Zucchelli, Sezione di Ferrara
Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium: Thierry Delbar Guido Ryckewaert
UK: Marielle Chartier, Liverpool university Chris Prior, RAL and Oxford university
Uppsala university, The Svedberg laboratory, Sweden: Dag Reistad
Associate: Rick Baartman, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada Andreas Jansson, Fermi lab, USA, Mike Zisman, LBL, USA
This are all the participants in the present study. I have a few more names on the mailing list but they are only there to be kept informed.
Swiss neutrino meeting

3. The beta-beam Idea by Piero Zucchelli The CERN base line scenario
A novel concept for a neutrino factory: the beta-beam, Phys. Let. B, 532 (2002)
The CERN base line scenario
Avoid anything that requires a “technology jump” which would cost time and money (and be risky)
Make use of a maximum of the existing infrastructure
If possible find an “existing” detector site
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4. CERN: b-beam baseline scenario
Nuclear Physics
SPL
Decay ring
Brho = 1500 Tm
B = 5 T
Lss = 2500 m
SPS
Decay
Ring
ISOL target & Ion source
ECR
Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG
Foer politiska skael har jag laatit bli att skriva EURISOL och valt att skriva Nuclear Physics istaellet. Energin foer jonerna aer laangt ifraan helt fast-staelld. Gamma=150 foer Helium aer inte ett “magiskt” tal men det aer mest kraevande utifraan accelerator synpunkt saa daerfoer har jag koncentrerat mig paa detta I fortsaettningen.
Rapid cycling synchrotron PS
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5. Target values for the decay ring
6Helium2+
In Decay ring: x1014 ions
Energy: GeV/u
Rel. gamma: 150
Rigidity: Tm
18Neon10+ (single target)
In decay ring: x1012 ions
Energy: GeV/u
Rel. gamma: 60
Rigidity: Tm
The neutrino beam at the experiment should have the “time stamp” of the circulating beam in the decay ring.
The beam has to be concentrated to as few and as short bunches as possible to maximize the number of ions/nanosecond. (background suppression), aim for a duty factor of 10-4
VIKTIGT: Vi har I princip kommit oeverens med vaar kollegor neutrinofysikerna att de kan raekna med en faktor tre mer ( ^12 ioner) Neon men daa anvaender vi tre target EFTER varandra. En mono-jon kaella vid varje target (tre) men sjaelvklart bara en super-duper-ECR kaella (typ Pascal/Fredrik).
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6. ISOL production + + + F r U L i X C s Y 1 GeV p Swiss neutrino meeting2 1 F r +
spallation
1 GeV p p n 2 3 8 U 1 L i X +
fragmentation 1 4 3 C s Y +
fission
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7. 6He production by 9Be(n,a)
Converter technology: (J. Nolen, NPA 701 (2002) 312c)
Courtesy of Will Talbert, Mahlon Wilson (Los Alamaos) and Dave Ross (TRIUMF)
Layout very similar to planned EURISOL converter target aiming for 1015 fissions per s.
Swiss neutrino meeting

8. Production of b+ emitters
Scenario 1
Spallation of close-by target nuclides: 18,19Ne from MgO and 34,35Ar in CaO
Production rate for 18Ne is 1x1012 s-1 (with 2.2 GeV 100 mA proton beam, cross-sections of some mb and a 1 m long oxide target of 10% theoretical density)
19Ne can be produced with one order of magnitude higher intensity but the half life is 17 seconds!
Scenario 2
alternatively use (,n) and (3He,n) reactions:
12C(3,4He,n)14,15O, 16O(3,4He,n)18,19Ne, 32S(3,4He,n)34,35Ar
Intense 3,4He beams of mA 50 MeV are required
Baade Neon och helium aer producerat med EURISOLs “lilla” target station foer 100 kW. Igen, foer neon har vi taenkt oss tre targets efter varandra.
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9. 60-90 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron » for pre-bunching of gaseous RIB
2.0 – 3.0 T pulsed coils
or SC coils
Very high density
magnetized plasma
ne ~ 1014 cm-3
Very small plasma
chamber F ~ 20 mm / L ~ 5 cm
Target
Arbitrary distance
if gas
Rapid pulsed valve
1-3 mm
100 KV
extraction
60-90 GHz / KW
10 –200 µs /  = 6-3 mm
optical axial coupling
UHF window
or « glass » chamber (?)
20 – 100 µs
20 – 200 mA
1012 to 1013 ions per bunch
with high efficiency
OK, haer en bild paa Pascal’s och Fredrik’s monster. Diskutera detaljer med Fredrik. Pascal aer mycket entusiastik foer moejligheterna att detta ska fungera. Jag aer inte saeker paa om det aer en ECR kaella eller en duoplasmatron kaella egentligen? Som sgat, diskutera med Fredrik. Jag tror dessutom att detta kan bli raett anvaendbart foer EURISOL (RIA). Rena kanonkulan paa target I mini-ball! Tala om back-ground supression.
Moriond meeting:
Pascal Sortais et al.
LPSC-Grenoble
optical radial coupling
(if gas only)
Swiss neutrino meeting

10. Overview: Accumulation
Klicka paa bilden av PS saa startar AVI filmen. Egentligen ska det staa cyclotron, FFAG eller LINAC. Den svarta “pluppen” aer en folie foer laddningsavrivning vid injection. Jag tror inte vi kommer att anvaenda den metdoen men bilden aer “historisk”.
Sequential filling of 16 buckets in the PS from the storage ring
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11. Stacking in the Decay ring
Ejection to matched dispersion trajectory
Asymmetric bunch merging
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
SPS
I den foersta delan av “filmen” ser man vad som haender I vaart tredimensionella rum. Naer klasarna kommer in I decay ringen roterar vi dem I fasrummet (Energi avvikelse fraan medelenergin plottat mot klas laengd I tid) foer att de ska komma I raett laege foer Steve’s fantastiska “asymmetric bunch merging” (naesta bild).
Swiss neutrino meeting

12. Asymmetric bunch merging
Foersta bilden visar en simulering av “asymmetric bunch merging” (klicka paa bilden saa startar AVI filmen) medan den andra sekvensen aer en test med riktiga partiklar och “en tomm” klase I CERN PS. Rekonstruktion genom att anvaenda mitt och Steve’s tommografi program foer fasrumstomografi ( Den longitudinella emittansen oekar enbart med storleken av den klase som vi laegger I centrum. Det partiklar som redan var daer trycks utaat saa att man foer en loekskinns struktur med de aeldsta partiklarna laengst ut. Detta aer foerstaas en utmaekt metod att lagra foer kaernfysik experiment I t.ex ESR eller HESR paa GSI. Paa min poster om lagringsringar foer RNB6 har vi precis foereslagit detta. Snaella, saeg detta.
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13. Asymmetric bunch merging
(S. Hancock, M. Benedikt and J,-L.Vallet, A proof of principle of asymmteric bunch pair merging, AB-note MD)
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14. Decay losses Losses during acceleration are being studied:
Full FLUKA simulations in progress for all stages (M. Magistris and M. Silari, Parameters of radiological interest for a beta-beam decay ring, TIS RP-TN)
Preliminary results:
Can be managed in low energy part
PS will be heavily activated
New fast cycling PS?
SPS OK!
Full FLUKA simulations of decay ring losses:
Tritium and Sodium production surrounding rock well below national limits
Reasonable requirements of concreting of tunnel walls to enable decommissioning of the tunnel and fixation of Tritium and Sodium
Du har faatt en kopia av Matteo’s papper.
Swiss neutrino meeting

15. SC magnets S. Russenschuck, CERN
Dipoles can be built with no coils in the path of the decaying particles to minimize peak power density in superconductor
The losses have been simulated and one possible dipole design has been proposed
Thomas: Neon och Helium boejs aat olika haall saa men denna typ av dipol saa reducerar man bara problemet foer en typ av joner. Antagligen raecker det daa Matteo’s “heat loss” plot visar att den vaerme man skapar kan hanteras med klassiskt supra ledande teknik. Foer phase ett av beta-beam saa taenker vi oss att man anvaender klassiska supraledande magneter och inte LHC typen (superfluid). Naer vi vill uppgradera till Pilar Herenandez super beta-beam facilitet (gamma=400) saa kanske tekniken foer superfluid helium magneter aer saa bra saa att vi kan anvaenda den. En supraldenade magnet som aer “oeppen” paa baegge sidor aer mycket svaar att konstruera men folk foersoeker och kanske vi kan taenkas anvaenda en saadan foer beta-beams.
S. Russenschuck, CERN
Swiss neutrino meeting

16. Tunnels and Magnets
Civil engineering costs: Estimate of 400 MCHF for 1.3% incline (13.9 mrad)
Ringlenth: 6850 m, Radius=300 m, Straight sections=2500 m
Magnet cost: First estimate at 100 MCHF
Med stoersta sannolikhet koster tunneln enbart 200 MCHF (inga stora kammrar foer detektorer och liten lutning) men vi behoever nog perngarna foer en PS ring istaellet.
FLUKA simulated losses in surrounding rock (no public health implications)
Swiss neutrino meeting

17. Intensities Stage 6He 18Ne (single target)
From ECR source:
2.0x1013 ions per second
0.8x1011 ions per second
Storage ring:
1.0x1012 ions per bunch
4.1x1010 ions per bunch
Fast cycling synch:
1.0x1012 ion per bunch
4.1x1010 ion per bunch
PS after acceleration:
1.0x1013 ions per batch
5.2x1011 ions per batch
SPS after acceleration:
0.9x1013 ions per batch
4.9x1011 ions per batch
Decay ring:
2.0x1014 ions in four 10 ns long bunch
9.1x1012 ions in four 10 ns long bunch
OK, igen gloemm inte att paapeka att foer neon saa aer detta intensiteten foer en “target”. Vi lovar mer foer fyskerna med med hjaelp att tre target efter varandra.
Only b-decay losses accounted for, add efficiency losses (50%)
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18. Low energy beta-beam n n The proposal Physics potential ne Beta-beam
boost n
6He
Beta-beam
The proposal
To exploit the beta-beam concept to produce intense and pure low-energy neutrino beams (C. Volpe, hep-ph/ , To appear in Journ. Phys. G. 30(2004)L1)
Physics potential
Neutrino-nucleus interaction studies for particle, nuclear physics, astrophysics (nucleosynthesis)
Neutrino properties, like n magnetic moment N
6He
6Li+e+ne Qb=4. MeV ne e n
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19. Neutrino-nucleus Interaction Rates at a Low-energy Beta-beam Facility
CERN
GANIL
(EURISOL)
GSI
Intensities
Detectors g
1012 n/s 1 4p
1013 n/s
1-100
109 n/s
1-10
4p and
Close
detector
Autin et al,
J.Phys. (2003).
H. Weick (GSI)
A. Villari (GANIL)
Neutrino Fluxes
(J. Serreau and C. Volpe, hep-ph/ , submitted to Phys. Rev. D.)
Small Ring
Large Ring
25779
82645
103707
7922
9453
1956
ne + 208Pb
ne + Nucleus
ne + 16O
ne + D
Events/year for g=14
Small Ring :
Lss = 150 m, Ltot = 450 m.
Large Ring :
Lss = 2.5 km, Ltot = 7.5 km
Swiss neutrino meeting

20. R&D (improvements) Production of RIB (intensity)
SPL
ISOL
Target
+ ECR
Linac,
cyclotron
or FFAG
Rapid
cycling
synchrotron PS
SPS
Decay
ring
Production of RIB (intensity)
Simulations (GEANT, FLUKA)
Target design, only 100 kW primary proton beam in present design
Accumulation scenario
Acceleration and storgae
FFAG versa linac/storage ring/RCS
Two types of ions in the ring
Tracking studies (intensity)
Loss management
Superconducting dipoles (g of neutrinos)
Pulsed for new PS/SPS (GSI FAIR)
High field dipoles for decay ring to reduce arc length
Radiation hardness (Super FRS)
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21. The EURISOL concept
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22. EURISOL DS Physics, beams and safety
Physics and instrumentation (Liverpool)
Beam intensity calculations (GSI)
Safety and radioprotection (Saclay)
Accelerators : Synergies with HIPPI (CARE)
Proton accelerator design (INFN Legnaro)
Heavy ion accelerator design (GANIL)
SC cavity development (IPN Orsay): SC cavity prototypes and multipurpose cryomodule
Targets and ion sources : Synergies with spallation sources
Multi-MW target station (CERN, PSI) : mercury converter
Direct target (CERN) : Several target-ion source prototypes
Fission target (INFN Legnaro) : UCx target
Beta-Beam : Synergies with BENE
Beam preparation (Jyväskylä) : 60 GHz ECR source
Beta-beam aspects (CERN)
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23. EURISOL DS
Swiss neutrino meeting

24. Beta-beam Coordination
Design Study
USERS
Frejus
Gran Sasso
High Gamma
Astro-Physics
Nuclear Physics
(g, intensity and
duty factor)
EURISOL
Beta-beam Coordination
Beta-beam parameter group
Above 100 MeV/u
Targets (PSI)
60 GHz ECR
Low energy beta-beam
And many more…
OTHER LABS
TRIUMF
FFAG
Tracking
Collimators
US study
Neutrino
Factory DS
Conceptual Design # with price ### M€
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25. A EURISOL/beta-beam facility at CERN!
boost n
6He
Beta-beam
A EURISOL/beta-beam facility at CERN!
A boost for radioactive nuclear beams
A boost for neutrino physics
Swiss neutrino meeting