Well, “Translate, Edit, and Quality Check” of what?

TEQC: (Translate, Edit, Quality Check) History Functional Overview Future?

Well, “Translate, Edit, and Quality Check” of what?
Receiver collectable data of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), where that data are: Physical observables of the signals broadcast by those satellites Digital data encoded in those signals, e.g. SV navigation data Ancillary ground measurements, e.g. meteorological data

GNSS Overview (circa Jan 2015)
The players in GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems): GPS: USA, MEO SVs -- 2 orbits every 1 sidereal day, CDMA IIA + 12 IIR + 7 IIR-M + 8 IIF GLONASS: Russia, MEO SVs orbits every 8 sidereal days, FDMA 24 fully operational + 2 spares + 1 under check + 2 (GLONASS-K) in flight tests Galileo: ESA, MEO SVs -- 5 orbits every 3 sidereal days, CDMA GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B offline, 4 IOV, 2 FOC in wrong orbits QZSS: Japan (JAXA), at least 8 IGSO SVs -- 1 inclined orbit every 1 sidereal day, CDMA 1 SV until 2015(?), signals complement GPS and Galileo Beidou: China, 5 GEO + 5 IGSO SVs + 32 MEO SVs, CDMA MEO orbits every 7 sidereal days 5 GEO + 5 IGSO + 5 (?) MEO SBAS: GEO -- 1 orbit every 1 sidereal day, CDMA WAAS - USA (3) EGNOS - ESA (4) MSAS - Japan (2) GAGAN - India (2) SDMC- Russia (3) SNAS – China (0) IRNSS: India, 4 IGSO + 3 GEO – CDMA (L-band + S-band, 3 SVs launched to date)

QZSS as viewed from Perth, Australia

Beidou as viewed from Perth, Australia

Historical background …
Late 1995/early 1996, UNAVCO wants a C-based replacement to its Fortran-based QC program(s) – of which there are now about 3-6 different ones – for GPS campaign data. UNAVCO at that time was the University NAVSTAR Consortium which had been at UCAR, Boulder CO, since leaving CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder. UCAR – University Corporation for Atmospheric Research CIRES – Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

Late 1995/early 1996, UNAVCO wants a C-based replacement to its Fortran-based QC program(s) – of which there are now about 3-6 different ones – for GPS campaign data. About the same time: RINEX (Receiver Independent Exchange) format being more common some RINEX version 1 still around . . . various new features in RINEX 2 being proposed – non-standard usage some interest in GLONASS, assuming Russia could keep the system going new receivers coming on-line, new data formats UNAVCO was getting into archiving of GPS data of NSF-funded campaigns early GPS permanent stations, some with streamed formats metadata issues (errors) that needed to be found and fixed

I was hired by UNAVCO to develop software to deal with some of those issues, as well as: Wanted new program to be 100% non-interactive so it could be scripted Minimal (none, if possible) reading of configuration files Usable on UNIX/Linux and Microsoft DOS systems Consult with Dr. Werner Gurtner to firm up new RINEX 2 version Consult with IGS (International GPS Services) for their needs Work via NDAs with receiver manufacturers to be able to read their formats Collaborate with NGS to help with one of their data issues

I was hired by UNAVCO to develop software to deal with some of those issues, as well as: Wanted new program to be 100% non-interactive so it could be scripted Minimal (none, if possible) reading of configuration files Usable on UNIX/Linux and Microsoft DOS systems Consult with Dr. Werner Gurtner to firm up new RINEX 2 version Consult with IGS (International GPS Services) for their needs Work via NDAs with receiver manufacturers to be able to read their formats Collaborate with NGS to help with one of their data issues First version of that software as teqc on 17 March 1997

International Electromagnetic Spectrum Allocation
MHz L5 L2 L1 GPS Carrier Frequencies

antenna array of GPS IIR-M
upcoming GPS Block III antenna array of GPS IIR-M L1: cm L2: cm L1C/A signal is 25.6 W L1 antenna gain is 13 dBi L1C/A broadcast at 500 W

GPS Signal Waveform – L1 Channel
Using a right-handed circularly polarized MHz carrier … 1

How does one put binary information into a single-frequency carrier?
One way: Phase-shift Keying (PSK) BPSK - Binary PSK QPSK - Quadrature PSK + others (in-quadrature) (in-phase) I + Q = QPSK

What’s in the GPS signals?
pseudo-random Gold code orbit + other data pseudo-random M-sequence

GPS Signal Spectra Evolution

Power Details on Modernized GPS L1

Power Spectra of GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and Beidou in E2-L1-E1/B1

Power Spectra of GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and Beidou in E5-L5/B2

Overview: Where we started (1980-2003) …

… and where things are circa 2015:

What’s the “data”? GPS L5:
carrier frequency GPS L5 at MHz signals just GPS L5 signal on L5 carrier components L5 has in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) could track I, or Q, or I+Q observables phase – cycles of the carrier frequency pseudorange – receiver time shift of Gold code signal-to-noise (SNR) on carrier frequency doppler shift of carrier frequency

What’s the “data”? GPS L1 and L2:
carrier frequencies GPS L1 at MHz GPS L2 at MHz signals L1C/A + L1P(Y) (+ L1 M-code + L1C) L2C and L2P(Y) (+ L2 M-code) components L2C has CM and CL (civilian moderate and civilian long) L1P(Y), L2P(Y) = in-phase (I) L1C/A, L2C = quadrature phase (Q) observables phase, pseudorange, signal-to-noise (SNR), doppler

Determining the pseudorange to each SV…
find time offset of each 1023-bit code time offset x speed of light = pseudorange to SV of specific PRN Gold code … and PRN serves as the ID for each SV in GPS, SBAS, Galileo, Beidou, QZSS

more about the observables …
Phase – measured in cycles of the carrier frequency arbitrary offset phase lock loop for tracking (plus new methods) Pseudorange – time offset converted to distance, e.g. meters range to SV plus receiver clock offset from GPS time found from time offset of Gold code Signal-to-noise (SNR) – now measured in dB-Hz old units are relative and somewhat obscure exact method used is not known Doppler – phase change per unit time today really only needed for certain RTK applications

GLONASS is different Russian Federal Space Agency
Orbit Slot Number: 1-24 – this is the unique SV identifier, tied to a physical location of one of the 3 orbital planes Frequency Channel Number: k, not fixed over time on an SV k = 0, 1, …, 13 from 1998 to 2005 k = -7, -6, …, +6 from 2005 to present G1 = MHz + k*9/16 MHz G2 = MHz + k*7/16 MHz G3 = MHz (CDMA, GLONASS-K only) You need k of the SV to convert GLONASS phase back and forth from units of cycles to units of distance for that SV.

SV Navigation (and other broadcast) Information
GPS (Galileo, QZSS, Beidou are similar) – Keplerian orbital + perturbation parameters SV clock offset and drift SV health 4-parameter ionospheric models for both L1 and L2 UTC offset model from GPS time nominally updated every two hours 50 bits per second! (300 bits/subframe) GLONASS (SBAS is similar) – orbital position, velocity, (and acceleration) UTC and GPS offset from GLONASS time updated every 30 minutes

SV Navigation (and other broadcast) Information
GPS (Galileo, QZSS, Beidou are similar) – Keplerian orbital + perturbation parameters SV clock offset and drift SV health 4-parameter ionospheric models for both L1 and L2 UTC offset model from GPS time nominally updated every two hours 50 bits per second! (300 bits/subframe) GLONASS (SBAS is similar) – orbital position, velocity, (and acceleration) UTC and GPS offset from GLONASS time updated every 30 minutes has that pesky frequency channel number k for each GLONASS SV

Meteorological Data Met pack with RS-232 interface to receiver –
typically temperature, relative humidity, and pressure Vaisala: also rain & hail increments, wind speed and direction NMEA or other ASCII strings are returned upon data request receiver manufacturers just store whatever ASCII is returned

Quick review … GNSS with GPS now being one of many
many GHz carrier frequencies using RH circularly-polarized waves navigation and other information is sent digitally in the carrier using PSK (phase-shift keying) or BOC (binary offset carrier) allows SV orbit determination at any specified time SV id is done with a 1023-bit PRN or similar code receiver time offset of the PRN code determines the pseudorange to SV carrier cycle count, SNR, and doppler determined by receiver tracking other ancillary information, e.g. met, can be collected from external devices, e.g. met packs, by the receiver

Ok, where the heck is all this stored?
Manufacturer binary formats – Trimble .r00/.t00/.t01/.t02 proprietary formats; convert to .dat/.tgd with Trimble’s runpkr00 Leica MDB and LB2 Septentrio Binary Format (SBF) Javad JPS, Topcon TPS many others (Ashtech, AOA, Magellan, NovAtel, …) BINEX, JPL Soc format, RTCM – Same idea, except not receiver specific RINEX – ASCII highly formatted (from Fortran code legacy) different RINEX files for observation data, navigation data, and met data no provision for tilt or other ancillary site data

Popping the hood on RINEX (2.xx)
signal carrier (MHz) pseudorange phase SNR doppl GPS L1C/A, L1P(Y) C1, P1 L1 S1 D1 L2C, L2P(Y) C2, P2 L2 S2 D2 L5 C5 S5 D5 GLONASS G1 1602+k*9/16 G2 1246+k*7/16 SBAS L1C/A C1

Popping the hood on RINEX 2.11
signal carrier (MHz) pseudorange phase SNR doppl Galileo E2-L1-E1 C1 L1 S1 D1 E6 C6 L6 S6 D6 E5b C7 L7 S7 D7 E5a+b C8 L8 S8 D8 E5a C5 L5 S5 D5

Extending RINEX 2.11 (unofficial)
signal carrier (MHz) pseudorange phase SNR doppl GPS L1C C7 L7 S7 D7 GLONASS G3 Beidou B1/E2 I/Q C1 L1 S1 D1 B1-2/E1 I/Q C2 L2 S2 D2 B3/E6 I/Q C6 L6 S6 D6 B2/E5b I/Q

Extending RINEX 2.11 (unofficial)
signal carrier (MHz) pseudorange phase SNR doppl QZSS L1C/A C1 L1 S1 D1 L1C C7 L7 S7 D7 L1-SAIF C8 L8 S8 D8 L2C C2 L2 L5 C5 S5 D5 LEX S/L C6 L6 S6 D6

RINEX Constellation ID
SV code SV ID GPS blank or G PRN (1-32) GLONASS R Slot # (1-24) Galileo E PRN (1-??) Beidou C PRN (1-37) QZSS J PRN – 192 (1-8?) SBAS S PRN – 100 (20-42) SV ID in RINEX is PRN-based – except for GLONASS (which is orbital slot #)

How can teqc help with any of this?
Quick metadata extraction for verification What GNSS SVs and observables are being tracked Translation to RINEX Metadata editing during or after translation to RINEX Detailed time windowing GNSS constellation or specific SV filtering Creating or reorganizing RINEX into time-windowed files Quality checking of GNSS data

Semantics: Teqc is a command line program and does not have a GUI:
teqc {option list} {filename1} {filename2} …

teqc {option list} {filename1} {filename2} … Teqc is designed to work with UNIX/Linux shell environments: Output to “stdout” and “stderr”, so can use redirection Input can be via “stdin” via piping

teqc {option list} {filename1} {filename2} … Teqc is designed to work with UNIX/Linux shell environments: Output to “stdout” and “stderr”, so can use redirection Input can be via “stdin” via piping teqc {options} file > newfile cat file | teqc {options} > newfile

Semantics: In UNIX/Linux shell syntax:
“stdout” is represented by “1” or nothing “stderr” is represented by “2” teqc {options} file 2>&1 | more teqc {options} file 2> file.err > file.out

Semantics: In UNIX/Linux shell syntax:
“stdout” is represented by “1” or nothing “stderr” is represented by “2” teqc {options} file 2>&1 | more teqc {options} file 2> file.err > file.out Appending to an existing file: teqc {options} file 2>> file.err >> file.out

Semantics: DOS shell does not provide all these capabilities! Options:
Install something like Cygwin on Windows Samba mount Windows directory on UNIX/Linux system teqc itself provides some internal replacements

Install something like Cygwin on Windows Samba mount Windows directory on UNIX/Linux system teqc itself provides some internal replacements teqc {options} file 2> file.err > file.out teqc option equivalent: teqc {options} +err file.err +out file.out file

Install something like Cygwin on Windows Samba mount Windows directory on UNIX/Linux system teqc itself provides some internal replacements teqc {options} file 2> file.err > file.out teqc option equivalent: teqc {options} +err file.err +out file.out file teqc {options} file 2>> file.err >> file.out teqc option equivalent: teqc {options} ++err file.err ++out file.out file

General Rules: teqc {option list} {filename1} {filename2} …
teqc assumes that what it is reading will be RINEX … unless it is told otherwise or it determines otherwise teqc assumes the output will be RINEX … unless it is told otherwise, i.e. +binex <BINEX_type(s)>, or unless “special” outputs are requested, e.g.: ++igs to output IGS rx, antenna, radome designations +config to output current teqc config options +qc to obtain a data “quality check” ++sym to obtain a qc “symbol” table +help to obtain all teqc options (for this version) +version to obtain teqc version and build information +id to obtain +version plus other information … and there are others

First Obvious Assumption:
teqc has to be able to read the input file(s). For RINEX, any version 1 up to an including 2.11 For Trimble .r00/.t00/.t01/.t02 you need to convert to .dat or .tgd using Trimble’s runpkr00: runpkr00 –g –d file.t02 teqc will try to auto-identify the input format. You can test this by executing: teqc +mdf filename If teqc selects the wrong format, you can always override, e.g. Javad JPS format: teqc –javad jps filename If teqc selects the wrong GPS week for the start of the data, you can override: teqc –week 1839 filename teqc cannot read everything, e.g. Magellan or NovAtel formats

Metadata Editing RINEX observation header metadata: -O.xxxx
-O.rt string change receiver type -O.rn string change receiver number -O.at string change antenna type -O.an string change antenna number -O.pe h E N change antenna height (and/or E N) -O.px X Y Z change antenna X, Y, and Z -O.pg lat lon el change antenna (converted) X, Y, and Z

Metadata Editing RINEX observation header metadata: -O.xxxx
-O.rt string change receiver type -O.rn string change receiver number -O.at string change antenna type -O.an string change antenna number -O.pe h E N change antenna height (and/or E N) -O.px X Y Z change antenna X, Y, and Z -O.pg lat lon el change antenna (converted) X, Y, and Z Shell requirement: if string has whitespace in it, remember to encapsulate with double-quotes, e.g. -O.rt “AOA SNR-8000 ACT”

Data Editing RINEX observation data: -O.xxxx
-O.dec interval decimate epochs to interval seconds -O.int interval (original interval, sometimes needed when decimating) -O.obs string change observables to those in string -O.-obs string remove all observables in string You can ask for any observables … but you are only going to get data for the ones that have data. -O.obs l1+l2+c1+p1+p2+s1+s2+d1+d2 Can use all these during translation, editing RINEX, qc, etc.!

Constellation/SV Filtering
filtering out entire constellations – –G to remove all GPS SVs –R to remove all GLONASS SVs –E to remove all Galileo SVs –S to remove all SBAS SVs –C to remove all Beidou SVs –J to remove all QZSS SVs filtering out specific SVs from a constellation – –G2-3 to remove GPS PRN 2 and 3 +G1,4-32 to keep just GPS PRNs 1 and 4 – 32 … and so on

Filtering in Time – time windowing
explicit start/end times -st to specify window start -e to specify window end +d{unit} to specify window length Example: specify start time and length of 2 hours: teqc –st T00:00:00 +dh 2 filename … or, equivalently: teqc –st T00:00:00 +dm 120 filename

explicit start/end times -st to specify window start -e to specify window end +d{unit} to specify window length Example: specify start time and length of 2 hours: teqc –st T00:00:00 +dh 2 filename … or, equivalently: teqc –st T00:00:00 +dm 120 filename Number of input files can be one to many … Only one output (which can be redirected to a file).

“time binning” with –tbin option -tbin N{unit} file_prefix {unit} can be d, h, m, s -ast timestring similar to –st option Example: specify length of 2 hours; input is one or more RINEX obs teqc +obs + –tbin 2h temp filename1 {filename2 …} Example with translation of Leica MDB file creating hourly files teqc +obs + +nav + +met + -tbin 1h filename.mdb

“time binning” with –tbin option -tbin N{unit} file_prefix {unit} can be d, h, m, s -ast timestring similar to –st option Example: specify length of 2 hours; input is one or more RINEX obs teqc +obs + –tbin 2h temp filename1 {filename2 …} Example with translation of Leica MDB file creating hourly files teqc +obs + +nav + +met + -tbin 1h filename.mdb Number of input files can be one to many … But also one to many output files possible.

With –st, -e, +d{unit} – by design, uses: inclusive epoch match for both the starting and ending epochs (if found) With –tbin – by design, uses: inclusive epoch match for the starting epoch (if found), exclusive epoch match for the ending epoch (if found)

With –st, -e, +d{unit} – by design, uses: inclusive epoch match for both the starting and ending epochs (if found) With –tbin – by design, uses: inclusive epoch match for the starting epoch (if found), exclusive epoch match for the ending epoch (if found) This is the classic fence post problem: The explicit time windowing results in N+1 posts and N gaps, the time binning results in N posts and N gaps.

What else? teqc +meta file(s) information about gaps and metadata
teqc +mds file(s) metadata “short” – just time span teqc [+all] –O.sum . file(s) which SVs and how may observables teqc +diag file(s) parsing diagnostics teqc +v file(s) “verify” readability of input teqc +qcq file(s) qc “quick” of data

What else? teqc +meta file(s) information about gaps and metadata
teqc +mds file(s) metadata “short” – just time span teqc [+all] –O.sum . file(s) which SVs and how may observables teqc +diag file(s) parsing diagnostics teqc +v file(s) “verify” readability of input teqc +qcq file(s) qc “quick” of data Data quality check is a big topic. Remember that was the original task.

What else can we do with all this data?
So, now, let’s look at data quality checking! What else can we do with all this data? Think about not having any navigation (i.e. orbital parameter) information … … and what to do if you have navigation information.

Without any navigation information:
look for sensible parsing of binary formats look for gaps in the data (assuming a constant sample interval) which SVs have which observables and how many observables try to find “clock” slips (i.e. receiver clock jumps not handled correctly) compute mean signal-to-noise try to find phase cycle slips (from loss of lock on phase lock loop tracking) look at other linear combinations of observables, e.g. “multipath” combination

With navigation information:
try to compute orbital positions of SVs at any arbitrary time epoch try to compute position of antenna (using pseudoranges at various time epochs) if successful, could do most of the previous tests as function of SV elevation and/or azimuth

Idealized GNSS Multipath
RHCP RHCP RHCP mostly LHCP mostly LHCP

Time for some math! Model for phase and pseudorange measurements
between the satellite s and the receiver r : where ionosphere is dispersive and:

Further assume: where c2 is proportional to the electron density in the ionosphere and: Start with L1 – L2 and assume the same path lengths through the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere: or:

Can define the time-rate of change of the ionospheric delay:
Reminder about GLONASS: You need that pesky frequency channel number, k, to convert each GLONASS FDMA G1 or G2 phase measurement to distance!

To obtain the multipath equations, start with Pi – Li and substitute I1 or I2
from equations (5) or (6), again assuming the same path through the atmosphere for the two frequencies: where B1 and B2 are bias terms: that arise from phase ambiguities.

Multipath of GPS L5 Signal

teqc (version 2013Dec11 or later) can estimate:
M(Pn, Ln, Lq) for: GPS: L1, L2, L5 SBAS: L1, L5 GLONASS: G1, G2, G3 Galileo: E2-L1-E1, E5a, E5b, E5a+b, E6 Beidou: B1/E2, B2/E5b, B3/E6, B1-2/E1 QZSS: L1C/A, L1C, L1-SAIF, L2C, L5, LEX where n or q is the primary signal “1” as “Mnq” or “MPnq” or .mnq qc compact3 filename suffix … …but not yet a generalized M(Pn, Lm, Lq), n != m != q, … or dealing with multipath of individual signal components.

M12 at P230 for GPS PRN 12,

Some special considerations for translation and qc:
maximum number of SVs in a constellation -- back to GLONASS: Javad receivers can be set to track non-operational GLONASS SVs and they use slot #s > 24 use something like –n_GLONASS 26 to allow up to slot #26 use something like –R25-26 to filter out the non-standard slot #s maximum number of SVs tracked by the receiver – (especially now with the GNSS explosion) use something like –max_rx_SVs 48 to allow up to 48 SVs to be simultaneously tracked in any one epoch

translation to various RINEX navigation files –
+nav GPS[,GLONASS[,SBAS[,Galileo[,Beidou[,QZSS]]]]] and use ‘-’ to skip one e.g. +nav G.nav,-,-,E.nav,C.nav To create: GPS RINEX nav file G.nav Galileo RINEX nav file E.nav Beidou RINEX nav file C.nav

Reminder: Constellation/SV Filtering
filtering out entire constellations – –G to remove all GPS SVs –R to remove all GLONASS SVs –E to remove all Galileo SVs –S to remove all SBAS SVs –C to remove all Beidou SVs –J to remove all QZSS SVs filtering out specific SVs from a constellation – –G2-3 to remove GPS PRN 2 and 3 +G1,4-32 to keep just GPS PRNs 1 and 4 – 32 … and so on

Reminder: Constellation/SV Filtering
filtering out entire constellations – –G to remove all GPS SVs –R to remove all GLONASS SVs –E to remove all Galileo SVs –S to remove all SBAS SVs –C to remove all Beidou SVs –J to remove all QZSS SVs filtering out specific SVs from a constellation – –G2-3 to remove GPS PRN 2 and 3 +G1,4-32 to keep just GPS PRNs 1 and 4 – 32 … and so on You can do this during qc operations as well!

do qc ‘lite’ on selected constellations –
–no_orbit list e.g. –no_orbit R,C to not do orbit calculations for GLONASS (R) and Beidou (C), but do everything else possible in the qc do orbit calculations only and output columned coordinates – –orbit i:w[:[s][g]] i = the interval in seconds w = window span of interest in seconds s = sidereal-fixed frame; otherwise Earth-fixed g = geographic coordinates; otherwise cartesian (xyz)

Data Quality Check Semantics
Basic command: teqc +qc {other options} RINEX_obs_filename … teqc will automatically look for any RINEX navigation files that match (using the filename suffix extension): .YYo YYn, .YYg, .YYh, .YYe, .YYc, .YYj .YYO YYN, .YYG, .YYH, .YYE, .YYC, .YYJ .obs nav, .glo, .sbs, .gal, .cmp, .qzs .OBS NAV, .GLO, .SBS, .GAL, .CMP, .QZS If you need one or more special RINEX navigation files, use –nav with a comma-delimited list with the extra filenames. If nav info is found and ephemeris for SV, then “qc full” is attempted; otherwise or if an antenna position cannot be found: “qc lite”.

Remember: Use +nav for translation, -nav for qc:
+nav to output various RINEX navigation files -- +nav GPS[,GLONASS[,SBAS[,Galileo[,Beidou[,QZSS]]]]] and use ‘-’ to skip one Each navfileN: fixed type and order -nav to input various RINEX navigation files for qc (if needed) -- -nav navfile1[,navfile2[,…]] Each navfileN: any type, any order

Most Filtering options available with +qc
filtering in time (time windowing) – only the explicit time windowing: -st to specify window start -e to specify window end +d{unit} to specify window length Example: specify start time and length of 2 hours: teqc +qc –st T00:00:00 +dh 2 filename … or, equivalently: teqc +qc –st T00:00:00 +dm 120 filename

Most Filtering options available with +qc
filtering in time (time windowing) – only the explicit time windowing: -st to specify window start -e to specify window end +d{unit} to specify window length Example: specify start time and length of 2 hours: teqc +qc –st T00:00:00 +dh 2 filename … or, equivalently: teqc +qc –st T00:00:00 +dm 120 filename But no -tbin option with +qc!

Some special considerations for qc:
-set_mask to set elevation mask (default is 10 degrees) -set_hor to set horizon angle (default is 0 degrees) -set_comp to set elevation “comparison” angle (default is 25 degrees)

-set_mask to set elevation mask (default is 10 degrees) -set_hor to set horizon angle (default is 0 degrees) -set_comp to set elevation “comparison” angle (default is 25 degrees) Use –w # to change # of columns in ASCII timeplot default is 72 columns; each column is 20 minutes for 24-hour span can change this to be any value 1 – 255

-set_mask to set elevation mask (default is 10 degrees) -set_hor to set horizon angle (default is 0 degrees) -set_comp to set elevation “comparison” angle (default is 25 degrees) Use –w # to change # of columns in ASCII timeplot default is 72 columns; each column is 20 minutes for 24-hour span can change this to be any value 1 – 255 Use +qcq (“qc quick”) to skip report file and all compact plot files.

-set_mask to set elevation mask (default is 10 degrees) -set_hor to set horizon angle (default is 0 degrees) -set_comp to set elevation “comparison” angle (default is 25 degrees) Use –w # to change # of columns in ASCII timeplot default is 72 columns; each column is 20 minutes for 24-hour span can change this to be any value 1 – 255 Use +qcq (“qc quick”) to skip report file and all compact plot files. Important, but so obvious it is now often overlooked: You should look at the qc output with non-proportional font like Courier.

-set_mask to set elevation mask (default is 10 degrees) -set_hor to set horizon angle (default is 0 degrees) -set_comp to set elevation “comparison” angle (default is 25 degrees) Use –w # to change # of columns in ASCII timeplot default is 72 columns; each column is 20 minutes for 24-hour span can change this to be any value 1 – 255 Use +qcq (“qc quick”) to skip report file and all compact plot files. Important, but so obvious it is now often overlooked: You should look at the qc output with non-proportional font like Courier. Can qc raw data, but will have to at least include the window length: teqc +qc +dh 24 trimble.tgd teqc +qcq +dh 24 trimble.tgd

The qc overview: the ASCII Timeplot

The qc Summary Lines SUM – original summary line
SWN – time “windowed” summary line SMP – multipath summary (if more than MP12 and MP21) Example: +qcq of 24-hours of GNSS data, +dh 48 to window as 48 hours of data, -R to not extend GLONASS orbits:

ASCII Timeplot Symbol Table
Execute: teqc ++sym

ASCII Timeplot Symbol Table
(output of teqc ++sym continued …)

Lou’s Top Ten Things to Look At
1) In the ASCII timeplot, are the data mostly ‘o’ or ‘*’? If so, probably good.

2) In the ASCII timeplot, if lots of ‘+’ at beginning and/or end of SV track, then the receiver’s elevation cutoff is lower than teqc’s (default = 10 degrees): There’s more usable data; may want to use –set_mask with value < 10 (or whatever mask value is being used).

3) In the ASCII timeplot, if lots of ‘L’ (receiver’s status on loss-of-lock): a) if at beginning and end of SV track, normal loss of lock probably at low SV elevations: nothing to worry about b) if elsewhere, this is probably a concern: problematic tracking?

4) In the ASCII timeplot, if anything different, then get familiar with the symbols! Keep teqc ++sym handy!

5) In the ASCII timeplot, columns of ‘C’s (N-millisecond clock slips) are an indication of: a) a bad RINEX translation (remember Flavor A vs. Flavor B) b) if the receiver and RINEX from it were good before, then there’s probably something wrong with the receiver’s clock now

6) Slips in ASCII time plot: If lots of ‘I’s – slips of the ionospheric combination – either: a) a bad RINEX translation? b) if GLONASS SV: wrong frequency channel number for the SV’s slot number? c) radio frequency (RF) interference at the site? d) active ionosphere above the site at this time?

6) Slips in ASCII time plot: If ‘M’, ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘Z’, ‘5’, ‘T’, ‘7’, ‘S’, ‘8’, ‘Q’, ‘6’ – multipath slips. If ‘m’ (N-millisecond multipath slips) – Trimble NetR* tracking has more of these than expected at low elevations; reason: unknown. Example: site gmpk with NetRS :211 (instead of 1:50)

6) Slips in ASCII time plot: Quick “goodness”: look at ‘o/slps’ (observations per slip): For 15- or 30-second sampling, should be ~600 or larger

6) Slips in ASCII time plot: Quick “goodness”: look at ‘o/slps’ (observations per slip): For 15- or 30-second sampling, should be ~600 or larger Special note on an “observation”: It’s what our community normally expects, e.g. for a GPS SV we want phase and pseudorange measurements on both an L1 and an L2 signal, e.g. L1C/A and L2P(Y).

7) Look for missing data or modernized data, e.g. GPS or GLONASS SV with ‘c’ or ‘.’ or ‘:’ missing L2 data SBAS with ‘c’ exactly what you would expect (for most SBAS SVs) GPS SV with ‘s’ has L5 data GPS SV with ‘z’ missing L5 phase data Galileo SV with ‘s’ exactly what you would expect In the GNSS arena, you have to know what is going on for each constellation and perhaps know about differences between different generations of SVs.

If lots of ‘-’: Missing epochs, but really how many? site gv03 for :

If lots of ‘-’: You have to be careful because a small number of random missed epochs can yield many ‘-’ indicators because it only takes one missed epoch per time bin column to result in a ‘-’. Reminder: You can use time windowing and/or the –w option to get down to one epoch per column to finely examine missing epochs or other structure.

9) All tables and histograms in the qc report: Patterns might be indicative of a specific GNSS constellation. GPS vs. GLONASS vs. Galileo …

9) All tables and histograms in the qc report: Patterns might be indicative of a specific GNSS constellation. GPS vs. GLONASS vs. Galileo … Patterns might be indicative of specific blocks of SVs within a GNSS constellation … GPS I (no Y-code), II (Y-code starts), IIA, IIR, IIR-M (L2C starts at IIR-14M), IIF (L5 starts), III (L1C starts) GLONASS M vs. K Galileo: GIOVE vs. IOV vs. FOC

9) All tables and histograms in the qc report: Patterns might be indicative of a specific GNSS constellation. GPS vs. GLONASS vs. Galileo … Patterns might be indicative of specific blocks of SVs within a GNSS constellation … GPS I (no Y-code), II (Y-code starts), IIA, IIR, IIR-M (L2C starts at IIR-14M), IIF (L5 starts), III (L1C starts) GLONASS M vs. K Galileo: GIOVE vs. IOV vs. FOC Patterns might be indicative of the receiver type or data format or RINEX translation or …

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only “dn” means “discrepancy SV count from optimal”, based on receiver tracking capability and the SV ephemerides being used -dn and +dn are the least and greatest epoch counts for that column – together they form a small histogram:

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only “dn” means “discrepancy SV count from optimal”, based on receiver tracking capability and the SV ephemerides being used -dn and +dn are the least and greatest epoch counts for that column – together they form a small histogram: A value of N on the –dn line means that every epoch in that column (time bin) is missing N SVs that could have been tracked.

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only “dn” means “discrepancy SV count from optimal”, based on receiver tracking capability and the SV ephemerides being used -dn and +dn are the least and greatest epoch counts for that column – together they form a small histogram: A value of N on the –dn line means that every epoch in that column (time bin) is missing N SVs that could have been tracked. A value of N on the +dn line means that there is at least one epoch in that column (time bin) that is missing N SVs that could have been tracked.

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only “dn” means “discrepancy SV count from optimal”, based on receiver tracking capability and the SV ephemerides being used -dn and +dn are the least and greatest epoch counts for that column – together they form a small histogram: But if the receiver is tracking below teqc’s elevation cutoff: You can use +set_mask option and repeated qc operations to zero in on the effective elevation cutoff of the receiver/antenna/site!

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only To get a 100% accurate count of missing SVs, one would need: – accurate SV tracking capability of receiver … can adjust this value with –max_rx_SVs option – full broadcast navigation messages – teqc to be able to compute orbits for all SVs in view

The “good news” and “bad news” lines, -dn and +dn, qc full only To get a 100% accurate count of missing SVs, one would need: – accurate SV tracking capability of receiver … can adjust this value with –max_rx_SVs option – full broadcast navigation messages – teqc to be able to compute orbits for all SVs in view But these are still immensely useful even when all the above conditions are not met 100%.

Use of +dn for p319 (late Dec 2013 – mid-Jan 2014): Extraction of +dn lines from .YYS files for consecutive days:

Use of +dn for p319 (late Dec 2013 – mid-Jan 2014): Action taken by a UNAVO field engineer:

Lou’s Top Ten+ Things to Look At
11) Other useful options: +eep, +eepx, +eepg – “every epoch position” +svo – “SV ordering” -O.obs list, -O.-obs list – might want to remove some observables -ion_bins #, -mp_bins #, -sn_bins # – for those ASCII histograms +ssv – qc summary for each SV -slips file – write out slip details to file -ion_jump 8 –iod_jump 1e38 – for high-rate data -O.dec 15 –O.int 0.2 – or decimate high-rate data, e.g. 5-Hz data

Lou’s Top Ten++ Things to Look At
12) Be familiar with normal good data. ftp://data-out.unavco.org/pub/rinex/qc/2015/006/ Start with site gdec and then some other sites.

The Future? Support for RINEX 3? Probably not … at least not any time soon

The Future? Support for RINEX 3? Probably not … at least not any time soon Support for reading other manufacturer formats, e.g. Magellan, NovAtel? Probably only if one became a receiver type used by NSF PIs that UNAVCO supports.

The Future? Support for RINEX 3? Probably not … at least not any time soon Support for reading other manufacturer formats, e.g. Magellan, NovAtel? Probably only if one became a receiver type used by NSF PIs that UNAVCO supports. Long-term support (post-2018)? No idea.

However, until then: Will be providing periodic updates of teqc, as usual On-line tutorial and (soon, hopefully) a new user’s guide You can join the teqc forum:

Well, “Translate, Edit, and Quality Check” of what?

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Well, “Translate, Edit, and Quality Check” of what?

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