1. Essential Oils Composition KIMIA MINYAK ATSIRI

2. ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION Essential Oils are complex mixture of sometimes hundreds of chemicals compounds. EXAMPLE ; Cananga Odorata (Cananga Oil) : 37 % b-caryophyllene 12.2% farnasene 10.5% a-caryophyllene 7.6% g-cadinene 5.4% benzyl benzoate 1.8% geranyl acetate 1.7% linalool 1.1% (Z.E)-farnesol 1.1% nerolidol 0.6% geraniol 0.1% benzyl salicylate

3. Essential Oils Composition Component of Essential Oils can be classified into 4 major groups : ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS TERPENE AND TERPENE DERIVATIVES BENZENE DERIVATIVES MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS

4. ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS Aliphatic Compounds are non-aromatic organic compounds. The chain of C-atoms may be straight, branched, saturated, or unsaturated. Aliphatic Compounds : Aliphatic of Hidrocarbon, alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, or ester Hidrocarbon compounds occur abundantly in foodstuffs such as fruit, but contribute to their odour to a limited extent only. The highly unsaturated hydrocarbons contribute significantly to the odour of essential oils, example: 1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatriene and 1,3-trans-5-trans undecatriene in galbanum oil

5. Aliphatic Alcohol The odour of most aliphatic alcohols is weak and their role as components in fragrance compositions is limited Aliphatic AlcoholOriginAroma Cis-3-hexen-1-olMulberry, green tea Freshly cut grass Cis-2-hexen-1-olfruitsSweet aroma 1-octen-3-olLavender oilEarthy-forest 3-0ctanolmushroom

6. Aliphatic Aldehydes / Keton Aliphatic Aldehydes are important compounds in perfumery and flavouring, but keton have limited role in odour. Aliphatic Aldehydes/KetonesoriginOdour n-octanal, n-nonanal, n-decanal, n- undecanal, Citrus oil Trans-2-hexenal many Leaf oilsSharp-herbal 3-hydroxy-2-butanon (acetoin) and diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) buttery

7. Aliphatic Esters Aliphatic Esters are important flavour and fragrance compounds occuring widely in nature. EsterFragrance Acetate of alcohol up to C6Fruity C8-C12Blossom

8. TERPENES AND ITS DERIVATIVES Terpenes, or terpenoids, are the largest group of secondary products (metabolites). They are all formed from acetyl CoA or glycolytic intermediates.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENES All terpenes are formed from 5-C elements Isoprene is the basic structural element.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF TERPENES Terpenes are classified by the number of 5-C atoms they contain 10-Carbon terpenes (contain 2 C-5 units) – monoterpenes 15- Carbon terpenes (3 C-5 units) are called sesquiterpenes. 20-carbon terpenes (4 C-5 units) are diterpenes. Larger terpenes (30 Carbons) are called triterpenes (triterpenoids), 40 Carbons – called tetraterpenes and polyterpenoids.

11. TERPENOIDS Terpenoids contain only the most volatile terpenes (i.e. molecular weight is not too high)  mono and sesquiterpenes May occur as oxygenated derivatives, e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, oxides & esters.

12. Monoterpene Monoterpene can be acyclic, monocyclic, or bicyclic (sometimes tricyclic). Acyclic monoterpenes unstable, and some have aslightly aggressive odour and taste of essential oils to a limited extent only. Ex: myrcene, ocimene

13. Cyclic Monoterpenes Cyclic Monoterpenes occurs in considerable amount, but generally contribute relatively little in odour and often serve as starting material for the biological and chemical synthesis. A-terpinene, limonene, terpinolene

14. Bicyclic Monoterpene There are 5 bicyclic monoterpenes : thuyene, carene, pinene, camphene, and fenchene.

15. sesquiterpenes Sesquiterpenea are compounds generated from 3 isoprene unit and conforming to the formula C15H24. Sesquiterpenen can be a acyclic (ex.farnesene), bicyclic ( two C6-ring or C6 and C5 ring) or monocyclic (ex. Humulene, C11 ring)

16. terpenoid

17. EXAMPLES OF TERPENES i.LIMONENE ii.MENTHOL iii.SESQUITERPENES

18. i. LIMONENE Structural classification: Monocyclic terpene Functional Classification: Unsaturated HC Occurrence: Citrus fruit

19. ii. MENTHOL Structural classification: Monocyclic with hydroxyl group Functional classification: Alcohol Occurrence: Peppermint

20. iv. SESQUITERPENES (Contain 3 isoprene units) Acyclic – E.g. Farnesol Monocyclic – E.g. Bisobolol Bicyclic e.g. Chamezulene (Chamomile)

21. TERPENOID BASED ON SKELETON OF C CHAIN: ACYCLIC TERPENOID TERPRENE ALCOHOL, EX GERANIOL ACYCLIC TERPENE ALDEHYDES/KETONE, EX GERANIAL CYCLIC TERPENOID (ALCOHOL, KETONE) BASED ON FUNGTIONAL GROUPS: ALCOHOL KETON/ALDEHYDE ESTER

22. B. BENZENE DERIVATIVES (AROMATIC COMPOUNDS) The Compounds containing benzene ring E.g. Vanillin

23. BENZENA DERIVATIVEs

24. MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS

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