1. Latin III/IV – Review Time!!! Remember that in Latin, nouns decline. The ending of a Latin noun tells you the number and case of a noun. Nouns also have gender – a noun which is masculine will always be masculine, and so on. Finally, nouns belong to a declension. Nouns of the same declension will share the same grammatical endings. Noun Cases CaseMost Common Use NominativeSubjects, predicate nominatives GenitivePossession DativeIndirect objects AccusativeDirect objects AblativeObjects of (some) prepositions

2. The First Declension Nouns of the first declension are generally feminine in gender. The exceptions are nouns such as nauta, agricola, and poeta which describe occupations which would generally be held by men. The characteristic vowel of the first declension is -a-, and a first declension noun can be recognized by its genitive singular ending in -ae. First declension nouns share these endings: epistulaepistulae epistulārum epistulaeepistulīs epistulamepistulās epistulāepistulīs

3. The Second Declension Most second declension nouns are masculine in gender. They generally end in -us, but there are quite a few -er endings as well. The only way to be sure that a noun is second declension is to look for the -ī ending in the genitive singular. Recall that in a very few -er nouns (e.g. puer) the -e- remains in all the forms. annusannī annōrum annōannīs annumannōs annōannīs liberlibrī librōrum librōlibrīs librumlibrōs librōlibrīs bellumbella bellībellōrum bellōbellīs bellumbella bellōbellīs For neuters, recall that A) the nominative and accusative must be the same, and B) the nom/acc plural ending is always -a.

4. The Third Declension The third declension is where we have to be careful with our rules. Remember especially that you decline a noun (and identify the declension) not by the nominative form, but by the genitive. Third declension nouns may have different nominatives, but they all have a genitive ending in -is. lux, lucis, f. tempus, temporis, n. luxlucēs lucislucum lucīlucibus lucemlucēs lucelucibus tempustempora temporistemporum temporītemporibus tempustempora temporetemporibus

5. Adjectives: Like nouns, except of course for the differences. Adjectives decline like nouns do. There are, however, two major differences. First, adjectives must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. They get these three from the noun that they modify; they can change genders while nouns cannot. Second, adjectives only belong to two declensions. The first, the 1 st /2 nd adjectives, switch between the two declensions depending on gender; they use the 1 st for feminines and the 2 nd for masculines. 3 rd declension adjectives are always 3 rd. SingularPlural levislevēs levislevium levīlevibus levemlevēs levīlevibus SingularPlural levelevia levislevium levīlevibus levelevia levīlevibus Masc/FeminineNeuter

6. 1 st /2 nd declension adjectives MascFemNeuter longuslongalongum longīlongaelongī longōlongaelongō longumlongamlongum longōlongālongō Singular MascFemNeuter longīlongaelonga longōrumlongārumlongōrum longīs longōslongāslonga longīs Neuter

7. 4 th and 5 th declension nouns These declensions are rarer but still important. The 4 th has a characteristic vowel of -u-, while the 5 th uses -e-. impetus, impetūs, m.rēs, rēī, f. impetusimpetūs impetuum impetuīimpetibus impetumimpetūs impetūimpetibus rēs reīrērum reīrēbus remrēs rērērēbus

8. Forming verbals Latin verbs can form 3 participles and one gerundive (which acts as the future passive participle). A Latin verb also has 6 infinitive forms, of which you should be familiar with 5. From: amo, amāre, amāvī, amātus amans, amantisXXXXX amātus, -a, -um amātūrus, -a, -umamandus, -a, -um amāreamārī amāvisseamātus esse amātūrus esseamātum īrī

9. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs To make adjectives comparative, add -ior to the positive stem. To make them superlative, add -issimus instead. Exceptions include -r- and -l- stem adjectives, as well as a number of irregular comparatives. For adverbs, simply change the adjective forms to -ius and -issimē instead. PositiveComp.Super.Comp. Adv.Sup. Adv. altusaltioraltissimusaltiusaltissime fortisfortiorfortissimusfortiusfortissime aceracrioracerrimusacriusacerrime facilisfaciliorfacillimusfaciliusfacillime bonusmelioroptimusmeliusoptime maluspeiorpessimuspeiuspessime magnusmaiormaximusmaiusmaxime