1. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronics Introduction Microelectronics Integrated Circuits (IC) Technology Silicon Chip Microcomputer / Microprocessor Discrete Circuits

2. Signals Signal Processing Transducers http://www.eas.asu.edu/~midle/jdsp/jdsp.html

3. Signals Voltage Sources Current Sources Thevenin & Norton http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/ClickDevice/refdir.html http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/Circuit_Design_Lab/circuit_design_lab.html http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/CircuitElements/vcvs.html

4. Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the Norton form.

5. Figure 1.2 An arbitrary voltage signal v s (t).

6. Figure 1.3 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude V a and frequency f = 1/T Hz. The angular frequency v = 2 p f rad/s.

7. Signals Voltage Sources Current Sources

8. http://www.clarkson.edu/~svoboda/eta/ClickDevice/super.html http://javalab.uoregon.edu/dcaley/circuit/Circuit_plugin.html Signals Voltage Sources Current Sources

9. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series Fourier Transform Fundamental and Harmonics http://www.educatorscorner.com/experiments/spectral/SpecAn3.shtml frequency time

10. Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.

11. Figure 1.5 The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum) of the periodic square wave of Fig. 1.4.

12. Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum of an arbitrary waveform such as that in Fig. 1.2.

13. Figure 1.7 Sampling the continuous-time analog signal in (a) results in the discrete-time signal in (b).

14. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html

15. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series

16. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series

17. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series

18. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series

19. Frequency Spectrum of Signals Fourier Series

20. Frequency Spectrum of Signals

21. http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/fourier2/index.html Frequency Spectrum of Signals http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/listen/music1.html http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/phasorlecture2/indexphasorlect2.htm

22. Figure 1.8 Variation of a particular binary digital signal with time.

23. Figure 1.9 Block-diagram representation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

24. Analog and Digital Signals Sampling Rate http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html http://www.jhu.edu/%7Esignals/sampling/index.html Binary number system http://scholar.hw.ac.uk/site/computing/activity11.asp Analog-to-Digital Converter http://www.astro-med.com/knowledge/adc.html http://www.maxim-ic.com/design_guides/English/AD_CONVERTERS_21.pdf Digital-to-Analog Converter http://www.maxim-ic.com/ADCDACRef.cfm

25. Figure 1.10 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground) between the input and output ports.

26. Figure 1.11 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal v I (t) and connected to a load resistance R L. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with voltage gain A v.

27. Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation.

28. Figure 1.13 An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

29. Figure 1.14 (a) An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small. Observe that this amplifier is operated from a single power supply, V DD.

30. Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier of Example 1.2. Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with a gain that is negative).

31. Figure 1.16 Symbol convention employed throughout the book.

32. Figure 1.17 (a) Circuit model for the voltage amplifier. (b) The voltage amplifier with input signal source and load.

33. Figure 1.18 Three-stage amplifier for Example 1.3.

34. Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier). (c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT.

35. Figure E1.20

36. Figure 1.20 Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test frequency v, the amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude (V o /V i ) and phase f.

37. Figure 1.21 Typical magnitude response of an amplifier. |T( v )| is the magnitude of the amplifier transfer function—that is, the ratio of the output V o ( v ) to the input V i ( v ).

38. Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.

39. Figure 1.23 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.

40. Figure 1.24 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.

41. Figure 1.25 Circuit for Example 1.5.

42. Figure 1.26 Frequency response for (a) a capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a direct-coupled amplifier, and (c) a tuned or bandpass amplifier.

43. Figure 1.27 Use of a capacitor to couple amplifier stages.

44. Figure E1.23

45. Figure 1.28 A logic inverter operating from a dc supply V DD.

46. Figure 1.29 Voltage transfer characteristic of an inverter. The VTC is approximated by three straightline segments. Note the four parameters of the VTC (V OH, V OL, V IL, and V IH ) and their use in determining the noise margins (NM H and NM L ).

47. Figure 1.30 The VTC of an ideal inverter.

48. Figure 1.31 (a) The simplest implementation of a logic inverter using a voltage-controlled switch; (b) equivalent circuit when v I is low; and (c) equivalent circuit when v I is high. Note that the switch is assumed to close when v I is high.

49. Figure 1.32 A more elaborate implementation of the logic inverter utilizing two complementary switches. This is the basis of the CMOS inverter studied in Section 4.10.

50. Figure 1.33 Another inverter implementation utilizing a double-throw switch to steer the constant current I EE to R C1 (when v I is high) or R C2 (when v I is low). This is the basis of the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) studied in Chapters 7 and 11.

51. Figure 1.34 Example 1.6: (a) The inverter circuit after the switch opens (i.e., for t  0  ). (b) Waveforms of v I and v O. Observe that the switch is assumed to operate instantaneously. v O rises exponentially, starting at V OL and heading toward V OH.

52. Figure 1.35 Definitions of propagation delays and transition times of the logic inverter.

53. Figure P1.6

54. Figure P1.10

55. Figure P1.14

56. Figure P1.15

57. Figure P1.16

58. Figure P1.17

59. Figure P1.18

60. Figure P1.37

61. Figure P1.58

62. Figure P1.63

63. Figure P1.65

64. Figure P1.67

65. Figure P1.68

66. Figure P1.72

67. Figure P1.77

68. Figure P1.79

69. Table 1.1 The Four Amplifier Types

70. VinVout Voltage gain (A v ) = V out /V in Linear - output is proportional to input Amplifiers Current amplifierscurrent gain (A i ) = I out /I in Power amplifierspower gain (A p ) = P out /P in

71. Amplifiers Signal Amplification Distortion Non-Linear Distortion Symbols Gains – Voltage, Power, Current Decibels Amplifier Power Supplies Efficiency

72. Gain in terms of decibels Typical values of voltage gain, 10, 100, 1000 depending on size of input signal Decibels often used when dealing with large ranges or multiple stages A v in decibels (dB) = 20log|A v | A i in decibels (dB) = 20log|A i | A p in decibels (dB) = 10log|A p | Amplifiers Av = 10 00020log|10 000| = 80dB Av = 100020log|1000| = 60dB Av = 10020log|100| = 40dB Av = 1020log|10| = 20dB Av = -1020log|-10| = 20dB Av = 0.1 20log|0.1| = -20dB Av negative - indicates a phase change (no change in dB) dB negative - indicates signal is attenuated

73. Amplifiers Example 1.1

74. An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation. Amplifiers Saturation An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

75. An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small. Amplifiers Non-Linear Transfer Characteristics and Biasing

76. Circuit model of a voltage amplifier EPOLY is a dependent source is SPICE; a voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) EPOLY has a gain of Avo The input to EPOLY is the voltage across Ri V out = A vo V in Ri = input resistance R o = output resistance + V out - + V in - I = 0 Amplifiers

77. Voltage amplifier with input source and load What should we design Ro to be? Av = Vout/Vin = Avo RL/(RL + Ro) Let Ro < < RL to make Av maximum Ideally Ro = 0 + V out - + V in - Avo - gain of VCVS only, o indicates output is open Av - gain of entire circuit Av changes with circuit, Avo does not! Amplifiers

78. Input resistance of amplifier circuit + Vout - + Vin - What should we design Rin to be? Vin = Vs Ri/(Ri + Rs) Let Rin >> Rs to make Vin = Vs Ideally Rin = infinity If Rin = infinity, then all of Vs makes it to the the amplifier; otherwise part of the signal is lost Amplifiers

79. Basic characteristics of ideal amplifier For maximum voltage transfer Rout = 0 Rin = infinity Amplifiers

80. Example 1.2

81. Amplifiers Example 1.2

82. Amplifiers Example 1.2

83. Circuit Models For Amplifiers Voltage Amplifiers Common Models Show example on board

84. Circuit Models For Amplifiers Example 1.3 Class assignment

85. Circuit Models For Amplifiers Other Amplifiers Current Transconductance Transresistance

86. Circuit Models For Amplifiers Example 1.4 Large-signal equivalent-circuit models of the npn BJT operating in the active mode.

87. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Bandwidth

88. Single-Time Constant Networks http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/plots/FOC.html http://www.clarkson.edu/%7Esvoboda/eta/acWorkout/Switched_RCandRL.html Frequency Response of Amplifiers Bandwidth RC Circuits – Class Exercise

89. (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Bandwidth

90. Frequency Response of Amplifiers

91. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Bandwidth

92. (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type. Frequency Response of Amplifiers

93. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Example 1.5 Class assignment

94. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Classification of Amplifiers Based on Frequency Response

95. Frequency Response of Amplifiers Exercise 1.6 Class assignment

96. The Digital Logic Inverter Function Transfer Characteristics Noise Margins

97. The Digital Logic Inverter Function Transfer Characteristics Noise Margins

98. The Digital Logic Inverter Inverter Implementation