1. Convergences between L1 and L2. Theoretical and practical implication

2. Second language teaching and learning LS for minority groups who have another language than L1( the language LS is based upon) as their mother tongue

3. Joint general aims  Linguistic competences for access to knowledge and participation in society  Cultural competences for understanding and participation in the culture the learners live in as well as intercultural awareness  Personal growth, identity building, Bildung

4. How do we reach these aims?  By giving all learners the same LS education? – One curriculum for all.  By offering diversified programs? – Separate curricula according to needs?

5. Pro et contra Arguments for one national curriculum for all learners. We might:  Avoid segregation and enhance joint perspectives on culture and values  Enhance understanding of cross- cultural perspectives as a value in L1 as well as in L2  Avoid problems of differences in formal qualifications after schooling.

6. Pro et contra Arguments for a L2 curriculum for those who need special attention  The great diversity within the learner group- not only newcomers and minority learners born in the country  Special needs for specific linguistic training and meta-perspectives  Special needs for cultural awareness  Lack of teacher competences

7. Decision-making. Who follows which curriculum?  Who decides?  Which criteria and tools can be used?  Which understanding of language competences are tools and criteria based upon?

8. A tool based on The European Portfolio for Languages:  A good tool for identification of linguistic competences  Unsatisfactory for identification of cultural competences  Problematic: identification of special needs and concerns for various age- groups  Can not indicate differences in judging content, depth of thought, understanding relevance of arguments etc.

9. What is language competences in LS?  Skills- competences- Bildung  Thinking- learning- understanding  Mastering culture and creating culture  Navigating in the world of language and text on a base of cultural values: critical thinking, respect of others, flexibility of mind, reasoning and judgement, esthetical sense.