1. Slide no: 1 ST3520 L2 MT Hardware - 1: Components of a Computer

2. Slide no: 2 ST3520 L2 MT Objectives The objectives of this session (three lectures) are to: r define the nature of data and information r describe how computers represent data r define the principal physical components of a computer system. r describe in broad terms how each component works. r describe the operating/performance characteristics of each component. r show how these components inter-relate. r look at trends in current technology r give you a sufficient understanding of the technology to underpin your understanding of Information Systems

3. Slide no: 3 ST3520 L2 MT PC Advertisement THE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 r Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB cache) r 1.0 GB 533Mhz RAM (2x512) r 250GB Serial ATA Hard Drive r 19” Flat Panel Monitor (19.0” v.i.s) r 256MB nVidia™ GeForce 8600GT graphics card r 16x DVD/ +/- RW Combo Drive r SoundBlaster Compatible On-Board Sound r Dell Stereo Speakers r 1GB USB Memory Key r Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 r Microsoft Works 7.0

4. Slide no: 4 ST3520 L2 MT What is Data? r Definitions: î A series of non-random symbols, number, values or words. î A series of facts obtained by observation or research î A collection of non-random facts î The record of an event or fact r Examples: î today’s date; î measurements taken on a production line; î records of business transactions.

5. Slide no: 5 ST3520 L2 MT What is Information? r Definitions: î Data that has been processed so that they are meaningful. î Data that has been processed for a purpose. î Data that has been interpreted and understood by the recipient. r Examples: î A bank statement; î A sales forecast; î A telephone directory. r Information Warfare

6. Slide no: 6 ST3520 L2 MT Components of a PC Hardware System You put something in The computer does something to it You get something out The computer may store it for a while InputProcessingOutput Storage DATAINFORMATION

7. Slide no: 7 ST3520 L2 MT Word Count on a Word Document The computer does something to it The computer may store it for a while Word Document + Program Instructions Counting Number of Words Pop-up window with Word Count Store Document Running Total Program Instructions DATA INFORMATION

8. Slide no: 8 ST3520 L2 MT Components of a PC Hardware System Input Devices Keyboard Mouse Central Processing Unit (CPU) Output Devices Printers Video display Primary Storage Communication Devices Secondary Storage Magnetic disk Optical disk Buses

9. Slide no: 9 ST3520 L2 MT How Computers Represent Data r Bit r Byte r Size is normally expressed in Bytes r Standard measures are: î 1,024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB) (1,024 = 2 x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2) î 1,024 KB = 1 Megabyte (MB) î 1,024 MB = 1 Gigabyte (GB) î 1,024 GB = 1 Terabyte (TB) î 1,024 TB = 1 Petabyte (PB) î 1,024 PB = 1 Exabyte (EB) î 1 EB is approximately 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes. r Today PC memory is measured in Megabytes, PC disk in Gigabytes and mainframe disks in Terabytes.

10. Slide no: 10 ST3520 L2 MT Some Sizes

11. Slide no: 11 ST3520 L2 MT However... r When talking of: î Processors (CPU) and î Communications use bit. r A 56.8 Kbps modem means 56,800 bits per second = KB r Processors are often described as 8, 16, 32 or 64 bit.

12. Slide no: 12 ST3520 L2 MT The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Input Devices Secondary Storage Output Devices Control Unit Primary Storage ALU Registers The CPU Instruction Set

13. Slide no: 13 ST3520 L2 MT r Core components î Control Unit î Arithmetic-Logic Unit î Registers î Instruction Set î Clock î Primary Storage r Optional î Cache The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

14. Slide no: 14 ST3520 L2 MT The CPU (continued) r Control Unit î Access program instructions î Decode (interpret) instructions î Control flow of data throughout system î Data flows through paths called buses r Arithmetic-Logic Unit î Perform computations on data î Perform comparisons on data r Registers î High speed storage areas î Hold data and instructions

15. Slide no: 15 ST3520 L2 MT The CPU (continued) r Instruction Set î Pre-programmed functions r Clock î Sequences events r Primary Storage (Main Memory) î Stores instructions from programs î Stores data to be processed r Cache Memory (optional) r Overheats – Heat syncHeat sync î Iitac Iitac

16. Slide no: 16 ST3520 L2 MT Speed of a Chip 1. Cycle Speed r Clock speed – beat frequency of the clock (in MHz) determines how many times per second the processor performs operations. r Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB cache) – 2 billion cycles per second 2. Word Length r No. of bits that can be processed at any one time. r Pentium D processes 64 bits of data in one machine cycle.

17. Slide no: 17 ST3520 L2 MT Speed of a Chip 3. Data Bus Width r The physical paths down which the data and instructions travel. r The wider the bus the more data can be moved – faster! r Bus bandwidth: The product of the width of its bus (in bits) times the frequency at which the bus transfers data (MHz). Bus bandwidth 3. Line width r Distance between transistors (the smaller this is the more transistors can fit on the chip)

18. Slide no: 18 ST3520 L2 MT The Microprocessor Silicon on a ceramic base Contains the basic processing functions The Intel Pentium D is one example It is the latest generation of a series that started with 8086 c. 1978. Approximately 100 pins to link to remainder of computer Uses 64 bit registers Intel Compatibles Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Cyrix Corporation

19. Slide no: 19 ST3520 L2 MT Examples of Microprocessors NameManufacturerWord lengthData Bus Width Used In Pentium 4Intel3264PCs Pentium DIntel64 PCs AthlonAMD64 PCs Pentium XeonIntel64 PCs UltraSPARC IVSun Microsystems64 Workstations

20. Slide no: 20 ST3520 L2 MT Getting More Performance r Instruction sets î Complex Instruction Set Computer or CISC. u Intel x86, Pentium î Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC) u Power PC î Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) u Intel Itanium î Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing u Intel Pentium 4

21. Slide no: 21 ST3520 L2 MT Multiple Processor Machines TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS

22. Slide no: 22 ST3520 L2 MT Other Chips CPUs alone do not run a working computer Other chips are needed. Some contain startup information, instructions Specialised chips include: Video memory Graphics processing Encryption Language compilers Floating point arithmetic Standard chips are found on the motherboard Specialised chips are often on daughterboards

23. Slide no: 23 ST3520 L2 MT PC 1991

24. Slide no: 24 ST3520 L2 MT PC 2007

25. Slide no: 25 ST3520 L2 MT PC Advertisement THE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 r Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB cache) r 1.0 GB 533Mhz RAM (2x512) r 250GB Serial ATA Hard Drive r 19” Flat Panel Monitor (19.0” v.i.s) r 256MB nVidia™ GeForce 8600GT graphics card r 16x DVD/ +/- RW Combo Drive r SoundBlaster Compatible On-Board Sound r Dell Stereo Speakers r 1GB USB Memory Key r Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 r Microsoft Works 7.0

26. Slide no: 26 ST3520 L2 MT Primary Storage r Stores data and program statements for the CPU î Data that have been input before being transferred to the ALU. î Data and results during intermediate stages of processing. î Data after processing until being transferred to an output device. î Program statements/instructions received from input devices and secondary storage.

27. Slide no: 27 ST3520 L2 MT RAM (random access memory) r Where the CPU stores the instructions and data it is processing. î Size (1.0GB for multimedia) î Speed î Address î Memory is an array of silicon based binary switches î Volatile î Virtual memory

28. Slide no: 28 ST3520 L2 MT Cache Memory r Temporary storage for frequently used blocks of programmes. î High speed. î Primary (Level 1 cache) – located in the processor. î Secondary (Level 2 cache) – located on the motherboard.

29. Slide no: 29 ST3520 L2 MT ROM (read only memory) r Portion of Primary Storage that cannot be changed or erased. î Nonvolatile î Booting up u BIOS u POST

30. Slide no: 30 ST3520 L2 MT Storage Speeds Level 1 Cache Level 2 Cache ExpensiveCheap Small AmountLarge Amount

31. Slide no: 31 ST3520 L2 MT PC Advertisement THE STUDENT SPECIAL - Dell Inspiron 530 r Intel® Core™ 2 Duo E4400 Processor (2.0GHz,800MHz,2MB cache) r 1.0 GB 533Mhz RAM (2x512) r 250GB Serial ATA Hard Drive r 19” Flat Panel Monitor (19.0” v.i.s) r 256MB nVidia™ GeForce 8600GT graphics card r 16x DVD/ +/- RW Combo Drive r SoundBlaster Compatible On-Board Sound r Dell Stereo Speakers r 1GB USB Memory Key r Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP2 r Microsoft Works 7.0

32. Slide no: 32 ST3520 L2 MT TO DO!! What is Grid Computing, how does it work, where is it used?

33. Slide no: 33 ST3520 L2 MT Summary of Key Points r Computers comprise input, output, storage and processing devices. r Computers are made up of many components of which the most important is the Central Processing Unit. r Processor performance depends on: î Register size; î Clock speed; î Bus size; î Line width. r Currently processors are mostly 64 bit. r There is a steady trend toward multiprocessing machines.