1. Section 1 Bones (Osteology)
Dr.Pardeep Kumar

2. Skeleton The skeleton is described into 2 parts Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

3. Axial skeleton
It consists of
Skull
Vertebral Column
Sternum
Ribs

4. Appendicular skeleton
It consists of
Bones of Upper Limb & Shoulder
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals [Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, ]
[Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate,]
Metacarpals
Phalanges

5. Bones of Lower Limb & Pelvis
Hip Bone
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

6. Vertebral Column It consists of 7 Cervical [Atlas, Axilla] 12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
1 Sacrum [5 fused bone]
1 Coccyx [4 fused bone]
The bodies of the bones are separated from each other by intervertebral discs consisting of Cartilage.

7. Thoracic Cage Is formed by 12 thoracic Vertebrae 12 pairs if Ribs
1 Sternum

8. General Description Bone Markings Condyle (rounded articular area)
Elvations
Depressions
Condyle (rounded articular area)
Crest (ridge of bone)
Epicondyle (eminence adjacent to a condyle)
Line (linear elevation)
Malleolus (rounded process)
Facet (flattend articular surface)
Process (prominence area)
Protuberance (projection)
Spine (pointed projection)
Spinous process (projecting spinelike part)
Head (prominent articular end)
Trochanter (large, blunt elevation)
Tubercle (small, raised eminence)
Tuberosity (large, rounded elevation)
Foramen (hole)
Fossa (depression)
Groove or sulcus (furrow depression)
Fissure (slit-like opening)
Notch (indentation)
Sinus (cavity or hallow space in a bone)

9. Axial Skeleton Bones of the Trunk
1. Vertebrae 2. Sternum 3. Ribs

10. Ⅰ. The Vertebrae 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and
In a child, the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 33, which include
7 cervical,
12 thoracic,
5 lumbar,
5 sacral and
4 coccygeal vertebrae.

11. 7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae

12. 7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae

13. Bones of the Trunk 1. Composition: A. The Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae: C1 – C7
Thoracic vertebrae: T1 – T12
Lumbar vertebrae: L1 – L5 L2 L1 T7 C3 T6 L5 C4
T12 C5 C7 T9 T6

14. Bones of the Trunk 2. General Feature of a Vertebra
1) vertebral body (centrum)
2) vertebral arch --
a. pedicles
superior & inferior notches
b. laminae
vertebral arch → 7 processes
i. Spinous process
ii. 2-Transverse process
iii. 2-Superior articular process
iv. 2-Inferior articular proc.
3) vertebral foramen
vertebral canal
Intervertebral notch

15. Bones of the Trunk 3. Special Vertebrae 2) Axis (C2) odontoid process
1) Atlas (C1) a. anterior arch b. posterior arch c. lateral masses C7
2) Axis (C2)
odontoid process
3) Vertebra prominens (C7)
spinous process non-bifid, long
Landmark: spinous process can be easily felt.

16. In the adult,
the 5 sacral vertebrae fused with each other to form the sacrum,
4 coccygeal vertebrae to form the coccyx

17. The pedicle of vertebral arch
Spinous process
Transverse prosess
Superior articular process
The pedicle of vertebral arch
vertebral body
Vertebral foramen
The fourth thoracic vertebra

18. Superior articular process
vertebral body
Transverse costal fovea
Transverse prosess
Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
The fourth thoracic vertebra

19. The pedicle of vertebral arch
Superior vertebral notch
The pedicle of vertebral arch
inferior vertebral notch
inferior articular process
vertebral body
Spinous process

20. Transverse costal fovea
superior costal fovea
inferior costal fovea
intervertebral foramen
The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae

21. The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region
The thoracic vertebrae
The characters of thoracic vertebrae are as follows:
(1)They have two costal fovea on each side of their bodies;
(2) They have transverse fovea on their transverse processes (apart from those of the lower two thoracic vertebrae).
(3)The spines of thoracic vertebrae are long and downward sloping, the articular facets of articular processes are relatively vertical.

22. Transverse costal fovea
superior costal fovea
inferior costal fovea
Spinous process

23. The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae
Transverse costal fovea
superior costal fovea
inferior costal fovea
The lateral view of the 6th 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae

24. 2-Cervical Vertebrae
The characters of Cervical vertebrae are as follows:
(1)They have transverse foramen in each transverse process;
(2)The end of the transverse process is bifurcated into anterior and posterior tubercls.
(3)The spines are short and bifid except the first and the seventh.

25. The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view
Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen
posterior tubercle
anterior tubercle
The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view

26. The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view
anterior tubercle
Transverse foramen
posterior tubercle
bifid spinous process
The fourth cervical vertebra, superior view

27. The first cervical vertebra which is also called as the atlas,
It has no body and no spine.
It consists of anterior and posterior arches united on each side by a lateral mass.
There is fovea dentis at the middle of the posterior surface of the anterior arch.

28. The superior view of the atlas
Superior articular surface
posterior arch
lateral mass
fovea dentis
anterior arch
The superior view of the atlas

29. The superior view of the atlas
Superior articular surface
anterior arch
lateral mass
fovea dentis
posterior arch
The superior view of the atlas

30. The inferior view of the atlas
posterior tubercle
inferior articular surface
Transverse foramen
fovea dentis
anterior tubercle
The inferior view of the atlas

31. The inferior view of the atlas
inferior articular surface
anterior tubercle
Transverse foramen
posterior tubercle
The inferior view of the atlas

32. The second cervical vertebra which is also called as the axis,
It bears the odontoid process (dens) on the superior aspect of its body, on which there is an anterior articular surface of dens for articulation with the fovea dentis of atlas.

33. The superior view of the axis
dens
posterior articular surface
The superior view of the axis

34. The anterior view of the axis
dens
anterior articular surface
The anterior view of the axis

35. The seventh cervical vertebra, superior view
The seventh cervical vertebra is known as vertebra prominens.
Its nonbifid spine is relatively long and can be easily felt.
Transverse foramen
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
The seventh cervical vertebra, superior view

36. 3. The lumbar vertebrae
Their vertebral bodies are larger than those of other vertebrae. The spines of them are strong, square and horizontal.
The articular processes of lumbar vertebrae are almost straight in a vertical plane with articular facets which lie in the sagittal plane.

37. The fourth lumbar vertebra, lateral view
Superior articular process
Spinous process
inferior articular process
vertebral body
The fourth lumbar vertebra, lateral view

38. The fourth lumbar vertebra, superior view
vertebral body
Superior articular process
The articular surface
of superior articular
process
The fourth lumbar vertebra, superior view

39. spinal cord
The first lumbar vertebra
The fourth lumbar vertebra

40.  Comparison of the regional vertebrae.
Bones of the Trunk
 Comparison of the regional vertebrae.
Structures
Items
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Body
(Shape)
(Size)
(Structure)
elliptic
small
uncus process
heart-shape
medium
costal facets
bean shaped
large
Vertebral Foramen
(Shape) (Size)
triangular
Round
Spinous Process
(Direction) (Shape) (Size)
posterior
Bifid
Inferoposterior
Slender
long
lattened
Transverse Process
(Direction) (Shape) (Structure)
anterolateral
widened
foramen transverse
posterolateral
club-shaped
costal facet
lateral
slender
accessory process
Articular Surface
(Position)
horizontal
coronary
sagittal

41. Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae

42. anterior sacral foramen
4.The sacrum
It is made up of five fused vertebrae and roughly triangular. The sacrum possesses a base, a apex, the anterior (pelvic), dorsal, and lateral surfaces.
Base of sacrum
promentory of sacrum
anterior sacral foramen
Transverse line
Apex of sacrum
anterior view of sacrum

43. Bones of the Trunk The Sacrum B. The Sacrum & Coccyx
S1 - S5 sacral vertebrae fused after puberty.
1. Base -- promontory, ala, superior articular process
2. Apex of Sacrum

44. Bones of the Trunk 3. Pelvic (Anterior) Surface –
transverse lines (ridges)
anterior sacral foramen
4. Dorsal (Posterior) Surface
median sacral crest
posterior sacral foramen
sacral horn
sacral tuberosity
Acupuncture therapy at “eight holes”:
acupuncture therapy at the eight
posterior sacral foramina for some
diseases in pelvis.

45. Bones of the Trunk 5. Lateral Part – auricular surface
6. Sacral Hiatus
Sacral anesthesia: anesthetic agents are injected through the sacral hiatus for anal operation.
Sacralization: enlarged transverse process in one or two sides of L5, which looks like parts of the sacrum
Lumbarization: S1 is fused with the tranverse processes of the L5.

46. poserior sacral foramen
sacral canal
poserior sacral foramen
Auricular surface
Median sacral crest
sacral hiatus
sacral cornu
posterior view of sacrum

47. Bones of the Trunk The Coccyx
fused of 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae at 30 years.
Coccygeal cornua
Coccygeal apex
Anterior view
Posterior view
Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University
Systematic Anatomy

48. anterior view of coccyx
It is roughly triangular, tapering to an apex below. The base is articulated with the apex of the sacrum.
Coccygeal cornu
Transverse prosess
anterior view of coccyx

49. When the vertebrae are placed in series, these foramina form the vertebral canal which lodges the spinal cord and its coverings.

50. Bones of the Trunk Ⅱ. The Ribs (Costae )
Each rib consists of the costal bone and the costal cartilage. The ribs are connected behind with the vertebral column and are twelve in number on each side.

51. Bones of the Trunk Ribs (costal bone & costal cartilage)
Division:
1. true ribs: R1 – R7
2. false ribs: R8 – R12
floating ribs: R11 – R12
Structures:
1. Costal Head
2. Costal Neck
3. Costal Body
costal tubercle
costal angle
costal groove

52. anterior view of thoracic cage
costal cartilage
Rib
costal bone
sternum
costal arch
The eleventh rib
The twelfth rib
anterior view of thoracic cage

53. The seventh costal bone
costal tubercle
costal head
costal angle
costal shaft
costal neck
costal groove
Lateral surface
medial surface
Anterior end
The seventh costal bone

54. The seventh costal bone
costal shaft
Anterior end
medial surface
costal angle
costal groove
costal tubercle
costal head
costal neck
The seventh costal bone

55. sulcus for subclvian artery
costal neck
costal tubercle
costal head
sulcus for subclvian artery
Tubercle for scalenus anterior
sulcus for subclvian vein
Anterior end
Superior view of the first costal bone

56. Tuberosity for serratus anterior
costal tubercle
costal neck
costal head
Tuberosity for serratus anterior
Anterior end
Superior view of the second costal bone

57. The second rib
The first rib
The twelfth rib

58. The upper seven pairs of ribs connected anteriorly by their costal cartilages to the sternum, and are referred to as true ribs.
The lower five pairs of ribs fail to reach the sternum, and are referred to as false ribs.
The costal cartilages of the eighth, ninth and tenth pairs of ribs join the costal cartilage immediately above to form the costal arch. The cartilages of the eleventh and twelfth are free. So the two ribs are called floating ribs

59. short, curved, flattened.
Bones of the Trunk
First Rib
short, curved, flattened.
Superior surface
tubercle for scalenus anterior
sulcus for subclavian a.
sulcus for subclavian v.
Inferior surface
Fracture of the rib: frequently multiple by direct or indirect violence.

60. Bones of the Trunk 3-The Sternum jugular (suprasternal) notch
1.Manubrium –
jugular (suprasternal) notch
clavicular notch
costal notch
2. Body -- costal notches
3. Xiphoid Process
junction of manubrium & body →
Sternal (Louis) Angle (which is slightly convex forward and easily palpated even in the obese.)
Fused as one bone at the age of >40
Localization of rib: level of sternal angle is at second rib.
150˚

61. Bones of the Trunk Sternum 2nd costal notch Ant. View Post. View
7th costal notch

62. Anterior view of sternum
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium of sternum
Sternal angle
Body of sternum
Costal notch
Xiphoid process
Anterior view of sternum

63. Costal notch for the second rib
For the lateral sides of the sternal angle are articulated with the second costal cartilage, so according to this, the order of the ribs and the intercostal space can be determined.
Manubrium of sternum
Sternal angle
Costal notch for the second rib
Body of sternum
Xiphoid process
Lateral view of sternum