1. MINEX II An evaluation of fingerprint Match-on-Card technology
Patrick Grother
Biometrics 2007, London, October 18, 2007

2. Overview MINEX II – Match-on-card Compact iris interoperability test
Standards for multimodal biometrics
NIST Biometric Quality Workshop

3. MINEX II – The NIST Context
NIST Biometric Testing
FRVT
(face)
1:N
Fingerprint
ICE
(iris)
Quality
Data for
Credentials
FpVTE
(2003)
US Gov.
Systems
ELFT
(latent)
Slap
Segmentation
PFT
(ongoing)

4. MINEX II – The NIST Context
NIST Support for Biometric
Elements for Identity Credentials
sBMOC
MINEX
Compact
Iris
Standards
SC37 WG3
MINEX I
2004
Initial evaluation
Ongoing
MINEX
PIV
MINEX II
Match-on-Card
MINEX III
Minutia quality
calibration

5. Ongoing MINEX Compliant and Eligible for GSA Certification
Template Generators
Cogent Systems
Dermalog Identification Systems
Bioscrypt
Sagem Morpho
Neurotechnologija
Innovatrics
NEC
Cross Match Technologies
L1 / Identix
Precise Biometrics
XTec
SecuGen
BIO-key International
Motorola
Aware
Sonda Technologies
Matchers
Cogent Systems
Dermalog Identification Systems
Bioscrypt
Sagem Morpho
Neurotechnologija
Innovatrics
NEC
L1 / Identix
XTec
SecuGen
BIO-key International
Motorola
Aware
Startek Engineering
16 suppliers
14 suppliers

6. MINEX II – Why MOC? Match-on-Card – Why Match-on-Card – Why not?
Cards are ubiquitous
ISO/IEC 7816 cards have been certified
No central database
Biometric reference never leaves the card
Match-on-Card – Why not?
Verification template must be made off card
And passed to the card
A matcher on every credential
Computational resources …

7. MINEX II – Why? Hypothesis: MOC implementations have same accuracy
Why might that be?
MOC is not new.
Same companies are involved
Why not?
Limited computational resources
Stack space, registers
Integer arithmetic
Smaller instruction sets
Smaller templates
MOC typically uses fewer minutiae
Reduced angular resolution in ISO-CC format
Asymmetric Algorithms
MINEX II is intended of as a definitive, public, independent, simultaneous measurement of the algorithmic accuracy and speed of MOC implementations

8. Not in MINEX II Scope Card reliability, robustness Card vulnerability
Security evaluation
System-on-card
Proprietary templates
Business model, economics
Card conformance to 7816-x
Contact vs. contactless

9. Two NIST programs: MINEX II + sBMOC
Two separate but related programs:
MINEX II
Accuracy and speed of card-based algorithms
Contact:
sBMOC “Secure Biometric Match-on-Card”
Demonstration of secure protocols for biometric authentication. Publication of NISTIR 7452 imminent.
Contact:

10. MINEX II – Design objectives
Make it: independent, statistically robust, repeatable
NIST
Massive offline archival data
Uniform, standards-based, interface
Measure error rate tradeoffs
Consider FNMR(t) vs. FMR(t)  Need matcher scores from card
Demonstrate at industry “norm” of FMR of 10-4
Measure time
Inspect the slow-but-accurate vs. fast-but-inaccurate spectrum
Allow teams
Allow card suppliers to team with fingerprint matcher suppliers
Use the industry-preferred template
ISO/IEC compact card – three bytes per minutia

11. MINEX II - Schedule Test plan development Phase I (private)
Initiated April 2007, finalized Aug 3, 2007
Phase I (private)
Submission deadline, September 10, 2007
Acceptance + Validation testing began September 11, 2007
Results to vendors October 14
Phase II (public)
Submissions due late October 2007
NIST publishes report December 17, 2007
MINEX II testing protocol  standardization
US NB agreed to send New Project Proposal to SC37(WG5)

12. MINEX II - Acknowledgments
The MINEX test plan established
a definitive card interface for testing
a definitive PC-based interface for testing
profiles of the base minutia standards
was developed in consultation with industry. Thanks to:
Authentec
Bioscrypt
Cogent
Daon
Fraunhöfer
Gemalto
IDTP L1
Oberthur
Precise Biometrics
Sagem
SC17 WG11

13. Evaluation Principle N = O(106) n = O(103)
1: Measure accuracy by Execute N template comparisons on general purpose computer
2. Confirm by repeating n « N comparisons on the card
N = O(106)
n = O(103)

14. MINEX II – Execution Standards based test interface Test protocol
ISO/IEC – card commands
ISO/IEC – biometric data structures
ISO/IEC – compact card minutiae on card
INCITS 378:2004 – parent template off card
Test protocol
Generate templates on PC
Execute O(106) template comparisons on PC
Repeat selected comparisons on target card
Test on-card and off-card matcher scores for identity

15. MINEX II – Card APDUs Verification Template sent via VERIFY
Reference Template:
sent via PUT DATA
FNMR
FMR
Similarity Score
via GET DATA

16. MINEX II - Implementation
Standard hardware
SCR SCM335 reader (contact)
Standard software
M.U.S.C.L.E open-source PC/SC drivers
Linux 2.6.X
NIST Open Source MOC Harness

17. INCITS 378 as Parents to ISO-CC
Template extraction produces INCITS 378
Reader prompts for specific finger
Scan produce output image
User presents card
Reader requests BIT from card
Remove N-K minutiae based on quality + polar distance, per BIT
Quantize minutia angle (8  6 bits)
Quantize (x,y)
197  100 pix cm-1
Sort minutiae
(XY, YX, Polar), per BIT
ISO/IEC compact card “template”
Send to card
Match
Decision

18. Remove minutiae to card capacity
Strategy: Lowest quality first and, for tied quality values, use largest radial distance.

19. MINEX II – Guidance on # minutiae
FNMR
5 Matchers
Fix threshold to give FMR = for un-pruned templates
FMR
Card capacity (max # minutiae)

20. Does ISO-CC Degrade Accuracy?
ISO/IEC compact card format
~ 250 dpi (vs. ubiquitous 500)
~ 5.6 deg. angle resolution (vs. 2 deg in INCITS 378)
FMR decreases slightly (but significantly)
FNMR increases slightly (but significantly)

21. MINEX II – Software for Biometric Data
Open-source “C” code for
INCITS 378 minutiae
ISO/IEC minutiae
INCITS 385 face (~ ISO/IEC )
INCITS 381 finger (~ ISO/IEC )
Validation, construction, IO
Under full version control

22. MINEX II – Software support for MOC
MOC Template Support
Transcoding INCITS 378 to ISO-CC templates:
ISO/IEC 7816 Support
MINEX II interface uses (PUT DATA, VERIFY etc)
See
And the open-source test driver here

23. MINEX II Results Protocol Implementations Vendor acceptance
Four suppliers
Six implementations
Open source support
It works
One interface problem
Implementations
ISO-CC templates can be matched with accuracy approaching INCITS 378
Some MOC implementations attain accuracy approaching that of better MINEX 04 matchers
Median VERIFY execution time < 0.5s
Speed – accuracy tradeoff is alive and well, but supplier influence is larger

24. Compact Iris Formats
Compression
JPEG ROI
JPEG
Lossless
Interoperability
Multiple segmentation algorithms
Multiple matching algorithms
NIST will release draft evaluation plan: November 15

25. Fusion Support
INCITS 439 – Fusion Information Format is about to be published.
It defines binary data structures for similarity score statistics (CDFs) to support simple yet powerful fusion implementations
Multimodal
Multi-algorithm

26. Score level fusion
Large literature demonstrating that fusion techniques produce lower (FAR,FRR)
If systems behave (fail, succeed) independently then fusion can have maximum effect.
Score-level fusion is more potent that decision level
But some evidence that even (face + finger) and (finger + iris) are partially correlated, due to human-sensor interaction etc.
Score-level fusion is favored over feature level fusion for black box reasons:
Implementation is easy.
Post-match fusion avoids IP licensing or exposure.
Also:
Multimodal: Iris Corp A + Fingerprint Corp B
Multi-algorithmic: Face Corp A + Face Corp B

27. INCITS 439 Fusion Information Format - An Example
n(x)
m(x)
Bayes optimal for uncorrelated biometrics
Use of likelihood ratio allows relative “strength” of the (two) biometrics comes out in the wash without ad hoc weighting
Aka BGI, Neyman Pearson.
pdf
N(x)
M(x)
cdf
m(x)
n(x)
= L(x)
Fused score: s(x) = log LFACE(xFACE) + log LIRIS(xIRIS) + …

28. NIST – Biometric Quality Workshop
November 7-8, 2007
Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Sequel to March 06.
Quality
Uses (during capture)
Relation to error rates
Assessment capabilities
Needs
Interoperable values
Calibration

29. Feedback is welcome: patrick.grother@nist.gov
Thank You
Feedback is welcome:
MINEX Root
MINEX II
Ongoing MINEX program