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Psycholinguistics What is psycholinguistics ? Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive processes that support the acquisition and use of language.
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The scope of psycholinguistics : 1- Historically = First language (L1) 1-What is the nature of the input that is critical for language to develop? 2-To what extent is this developmental process biologically constrained ? 3- How are words recognized when listening to speech or reading text ? The questions that have been the focus of investigation :
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4- How do we understand sentences and texts ? 5- By what means are lexical and syntactic ambiguities resolved? 6- How are abstract thoughts mapped onto utterances prior to speaking?
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2- Recently = Bilinguals (Individuals who are acquiring or actively using more than one language) Specific questions with respect to bilinguals are : 1- Is L2 acquisition different from L1 acquisition ? 2- To what extent does the L1 play a role in using the L2 ?
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3- Are there roles governing code- switching (the use of more than one language in an utterance )? 4- How do speakers of more than one language keep the two languages apart? 5- How are languages acquired at some point in time lost or maintained over time ?
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Review of psycholinguistic research on L2 acquisition and competent bilingual performance Assumptions : - L2 learners and proficient bilinguals rely on similar cognitive mechanisms. - Those mechanisms are generally universal across languages. - The same cognitive resources are universally available to all learners..
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Cognitive Models: Language Production in Bilinguals Modelling language production of the competent bilingual Levelt’s “Speaking” model (1989, 1999) - Aim - Procedure 1- Conceptualizer - 2- Formulator 3- Articulator
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Lexical items Lemma Lexeme * What happens in the production of these items ?? - The distinction bet. three levels: conceptusl, lemma and lexeme is crucial - to the model used.
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Poulisse (1997) factors * To turn a monolingual model into a bilingual model : - L2 knowledge is typically incomplete - - L2 speech is more hesitant and contains more errors and slips - - L2 speech often carries traces of the L1
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Keeping Languages Apart 1- Earlier proposals suggested that there were ‘switches’. 2- Paradis has proposed the ‘sub-set hypothesis: words from a given lang. form a sub-set of the total inventory. Each sub-set can be activated independently.
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Language choice : How language choice is implemented ? 1-semantic specification. 2-syntactic information..3-A pointer to a particular lexeme Thus there are a number of steps in the process of lexical access where choices have to be made
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Experimental Studies of Language Production in L1 and L2 Comprehension studies: A word,sentence or text can be presented and we can examine the way in which processing reflects its structure and meaning.
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Production studies: Investigate the planning of utterances in real time. 1- Picture-naming task. - Description - Results 2- Picture-word interference - Description - Results
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A growing field of research now deals with the opposite of language acquisition: language attrition and language loss. Through non-use of a language,the level of activation of knowledge decreases and eventually lost.
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‘Savings’ Model The assumption The procedure The results showed significant savings effects for the old words. Relearning the old words was easier than learning completely new words
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Information Accessibility of linguistics element must have been acquired and stored Information Information must be accessible in time
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Done by : 4 th year/Gr. B Ohood Al-Qurashi Heba Al- Ansari Gohfran Samkary Mona Bagazi Sundus Al-Nabahani Rahma Mulla Aisha Al Khuza’I ‘Alyaa Al Garni
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