1. Building for Success in Calculus David Bressoud St. Paul, MN The First Two Years of College Math: Building Student Success Reston, VA October 5–7, 2014 A pdf file of this PowerPoint is available at www.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks For more information see www.maa.cspccwww.maa.cspcc A pdf file of this PowerPoint is available at www.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks For more information see www.maa.cspccwww.maa.cspcc NSF #0910240

2. Characteristics of Successful Programs in College Calculus Three parts: 1.National survey of students in mainstream Calculus I and their instructors (Fall, 2010) 2.Statistical model of factors influencing changes in student attitudes and intention to persist from start to end of Calculus I 3.Case studies of 17 institutions with “successful” Calculus I programs (Fall, 2012)

3. Race/Ethni city Research Universities Masters Univ. Under- graduate 2-year Colleges Total Female 46%47% 34%42% White 81%82%86%73%81% Black 5%8% 10%7% Asian- American 17%10% 14%13% Hispanic 9%7%11%18%11% Respondents could select more than one racial category. Self-identification as Hispanic was a separate question. Percentage of students in Calculus by gender/race/ethnicity

4. researchmaster s undergrad2 year Average high school math GPA 3.773.583.643.37 Took calculus in high school 70%43%53%24% ≥ 3 on AP Calc 26%9%14%5% Took Precalculus in college 13%31%17%60% Agree that to succeed in Calculus I, must have taken it before. 49%36%40%37%

5. Career goals of students in Mainstream Calculus I

6. Gender differences of career goals of students in Mainstream Calculus I

7. Source: HERI

8. Final Grades as Reported by Instructors

12. 3-Level HLM Model Structure Main Effects Student Course Institutional Selectivity# of students Initial Career Goal PedagogyHS Pedagogy Professor Characteristics HS Math grades

13. Dependent Variables Attitudes – Change, pre to post – Confidence I am confident in my mathematics abilities – Enjoyment I enjoy doing mathematics – If I had a choice If I had a choice: I would never take another mathematics course to I would continue to take mathematics” – Change in Interest, post only This course has increased my interest in taking more mathematics Intention to take Calc II – Change, pre to post Do you intend to take Calculus II?

14. Statistically significant drops in confidence, enjoyment, and desire to continue Variable All InstitutionsResearch Universities Mean (SD) Effect SizeMean (SD) Effect Size I am confident in my mathematical abilities (1–6) 4.89 (1.01) –0.46 4.93 (1.01) –0.47 4.42 (1.18) 4.40 (1.19) I enjoy doing mathematics (1–6) 4.63 (1.27) –0.27 4.69 (1.24) –0.33 4.28 (1.37) 4.28 (1.35) If I had a choice, I would continue to take mathematics (1–4) 2.93 (1.02) –0.09 2.97 (1.00) –0.14 2.84 (1.08) 2.83 (1.07) lowest = strongly disagree, highest = strongly agree

15. Instructor Pedagogy Factor Analysis 61 student ratings of what teachers do – 53 used 3 factors arose from analysis – Variables loading on the same factor – 49% of the variance average classroom ratings Factors – Good teaching, 22 variables – Technology, 17 – Ambitious pedagogy, 14 – 8 did not load onto factors

16. “Good Teaching” My Calculus Instructor: listened carefully to my questions and comments allowed time for me to understand difficult ideas presented more than one method for solving problems asked questions to determine if I understood what was being discussed discussed applications of calculus encouraged students to seek help during office hours frequently prepared extra material Assignments were challenging but doable My exams were graded fairly My calculus exams were a good assessment of what I learned

17. “Ambitious Pedagogy” My Calculus Instructor: Required me to explain my thinking on homework and exams Required students to work together Had students give presentations Held class discussions Put word problems in the homework and on the exams Put questions on the exams unlike those done in class Returned assignments with helpful feedback and comments

18. Main effects and Interactions InstructorGood teaching0.246*** Pedagogy Technology use0.041* Ambitious pedagogy -0.147*** InteractionsClass size × ambitious pedagogy 0.002***larger classes benefit from ambitious pedagogy Initial state × good teaching -0.047**students with poorer initial attitudes benefit more from good teaching Initial state × ambitious pedagogy 0.037**students with higher initial attitudes benefit more from ambitious pedagogy Graduate instructor × technology use -0.206**Graduate student instructors who use technology impact attitude negatively

19. Interaction on student confidence

20. Low Ambitious Pedagogy High Ambitious Pedagogy Switching percentages. p < 0.001 Low good teachingHigh good teaching Low ambitious teaching16.2%10.4% High ambitious teaching11.9%7.0%

21. Conclusions: 1.Calculus I is very effective at lowering student confidence and is a significant factor in discouraging students from continuing in STEM. 2.“Good teaching,” characterized as interacting with students in class and establishing the belief that you are there to support them, is essential. 3.Benefits of ambitious pedagogies are highly dependent on how they interact with other factors, but active learning strategies are generally beneficial. A pdf file of this PowerPoint is available at www.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks For more information see www.maa.cspccwww.maa.cspcc A pdf file of this PowerPoint is available at www.macalester.edu/~bressoud/talks For more information see www.maa.cspccwww.maa.cspcc