1. Scalable Content-Addressable Network Lintao Liu 2001.11.19

2. System Goals CAN: A distributed infrastructure that provides hash table-like functionality on Internet-like scales. Scalable Fault-tolerant Self-organizing

3. Basic Design Basic Idea: A virtual d-dimensional Coordinate space Each node owns a Zone in the virtual space Data is stored as (key, value) pair Hash(key) --> a point P in the virtual space (key, value) pair is stored on the node within whose Zone the point P locates

4. Basic Design For routing purpose, each node only need to maintain the information of those nodes that hold coordinate zone adjoining its own zone (neighbors)

5. Basic Design Routing: greedy algorithm if P is within the Zone of current node, return (key, value) or failure (if no such key) else forward the query to the neighbor with coordinates closest to P

6. Example: Routing (4, 0) 4) (0, 0) (0,(4,4) 7

7. Basic Design Node Insertion A new node N1 is going to join the network: 1. Find a node N2 already in the CAN 2. Randomly choose one point P in the space 3. Send a JOIN request destined for P (P resides in the Zone of N3) 4. N3 splits its Zone and assigns half zone to N1, and send (key, values) pairs from the half zone to N1

8. Basic Design 5. N1 also gets the information of neighbors from N3 6. N3 notices all the neighbors the reallocation of space. 7. Neighbors change their corresponding data

9. Example: Insertion

10. Basic Design Node departure 1. Explicit departure Hand over its zone to another node to produce a valid single zone or merge with a smallest zone

11. Basic Design 2. Node failure Periodic update messages between Neighbors Prolonged absence of an update message from a neighbor indicates its failure A takeover mechanism merges the zone with the smallest adjacent zone There is also a background zone-reassignment algorithm to smooth the zone allocation.

12. Example: Node Departure

13. Problems in Basic design Scalable? Fault-tolerant? Self-organizing? Data durable? Efficient? Some others?

14. Design Improvements Guidelines: Reduce path latency Increase fault tolerance Increase data availability Without increasing much complexity

15. Design Improvements Multi-dimensioned coordinate spaces -- reduce average path length Increase the dimensions of the virtual space => reduce the routing path length => reduce the path latency (increase the size of the routing table for there are more neighbors)

16. Design Improvements Multiple Realities: Multiple coordinate spaces -- improve data availability improve routing fault tolerance reduce the average path length Multiple coordinate spaces exist at the same time Each space is called a “reality” Each node occupies a zone in each reality

17. Design Improvements Better CAN routing metrics -- reduce per-hop latency When there are more than one choice for forwarding, choose the neighbor with the least RTT.

18. Design Improvements Overload coordinate zones -- reduce average path length reduce the per-hop latency improve fault tolerance Assign more than one node to share the same zone

19. Design Improvements Topologically-sensitive construction of CAN -- reduce the path latency A set of machines act as landmarks on Internet Each node measures its RTT to each of these landmarks and orders them in order of RTT. Physically close nodes are likely to have the same ordering and consequently, and will reside in adjacent zones of the coordinate space.

20. Other Design Improvements Multiple hash function -- increase data availability reduce the query latency Uniform Partitioning -- achieve load balance Caching and Replication -- increase data availability reduce query latency achieve load balance

21. Comparisons Scalability? Construction & Storage Overhead? Query Efficiency? Fault Tolerance? Complexity? Gnutella, FreeNet, Past, Chord

22. Conclusions CAN provides scalable routing and efficient indexing. Given a key, it can return the (key, value) pair with an average path length (d/4)(n 1/d ) hops, or return failure if no such (key, value). CAN is completely self-organizing, fault- tolerant and resistant to DoS attack.