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Kazumi Chino, M.D. Radiation Oncology
Head and Neck Cancers Kazumi Chino, M.D. Radiation Oncology
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Epidemiology 52,000 people diagnosed in the US annually
3% of all cancers in the US Men are twice as likely as women to develop a head and neck cancer Dx is most common after age 50
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Risk Factors Tobacco – approx. 85% of H&N Ca related to tobacco
Alcohol HPV in oropharyngeal cancers Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal cancers Poor dental/oral hygiene Poor nutrition – vit A and B deficiency GERD in pharyngeal cancers
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Histology 90% of H&N cancers are squamous cell carcinomas arising from the mucosal surfaces Salivary gland tumors are typically adenocarcinomas
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Anatomy
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Anatomy: Nasopharynx Eustachian tube Torus Tubaris
Fossa of Rosenmuller
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Anatomy: Oro/Hypopharynx
From the uvula to hyoid bone Palatine tonsils, tonsillar pillars Base of tongue Epiglottis and vallecula
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Anatomy: Laryngopharynx
From the epiglottis to the inferior cricoid cartilage Vocal cords, piriform sinuses, arytenoid cartilage and aryepiglottic folds
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Anatomy: Laryngopharynx
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Cervical Lymph Nodes
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Presentation: Nasopharynx
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Nasopharyngeal Cancer Sx’s
Nasal obstruction, bleeding, discharge Hearing problems if eustachian tube obstructed, otitis media Headaches Cranial nerve palsy with involvement of the base of skull Neck mass, particularly at the mastoid tip
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Staging: Nasopharynx Primary tumor (T) TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extends to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension (eg, without posterolateral infiltration of tumor) T2 Tumor with parapharyngeal extension (posterolateral infiltration of tumor) T3 Tumor involves bony structures of skull base and/or paranasal sinuses T4 Tumor with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, or orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space
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Regional lymph nodes (N)
Staging: Nasopharynx Regional lymph nodes (N) NX Regional nodes cannot be assessed N0 No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph nodes ≤6cm in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes ≤6 cm in greatest dimension (midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes) N2 Bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph nodes ≤6cm in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa (midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes) N3 Metastasis in a lymph node >6cm and/or to the supraclavicular fossa (midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes) N3a >6cm in dimension N3b Extension to the supraclavicular fossa
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Staging: Nasopharynx Stage T N M Tis N0 M0 I T1 II N1 T2 III N2 T3 IVA
Tis N0 M0 I T1 II N1 T2 III N2 T3 IVA T4 IVB T Any N3 IVC N Any M1
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Tx & Prognosis: Nasopharynx
Stage I/II tx’d RT alone: local control rates at 5 years for T1= 93%, T2 = 79%, T3 = 68% and T4 = 53% Intergroup 0099 compared RT alone vs cisplatin 100mg/ms day 1, 22, 43 + RT for Stage III/IV 3 yr progression free survival was 24% vs 69% in favor of concurrent chemo/RT 3 yr overall survival was 47% compared to 78% in favor or concurrent chemo/RT Similar trial JCO 2005 showed OS 65% 80% with chemo
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Nasopharynx NCCN Guidelines
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Recurrent or Persistent Dz
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Prognosis: Nasopharnx
Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma has a higher risk of local recurrence after tx than non-keratinizing SCCa or undifferentiated High EBV DNA titers after tx are associated with an increased risk of recurrence
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Presentation: Oropharynx
Globus sensation Difficultly swallowing Slurred speech Pain in throat or ear Neck mass
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Staging: Oropharynx Primary tumor (T) Oropharynx: TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor ≤2cm in greatest dimension T2 Tumor >2cm but ≤4cm in greatest dimension T3 Tumor >4cm in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of the epiglottis T4a Moderately advanced, local disease Tumor invades the larynx, deep/extrinsic muscle of the tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible T4b Very advanced, local disease Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases the carotid artery
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Staging: Hypopharynx Hypopharynx: TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed
No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor limited to 1 subsite of the hypopharynx and/or ≤2cm in greatest dimension T2 Tumor invades more than 1 subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site or measures >2cm but ≤4cm in greatest dimension, without fixation of the hemilarynx T3 Tumor >4cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of the hemilarynx or extension to the esophagus T4a Moderately advanced, local disease Tumor invades thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, esophagus, or central compartment soft tissue (including prelaryngeal strap muscles and subcutaneous fat) T4b Very advanced, local disease Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures
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Staging: Oro/Hypopharynx
Regional lymph nodes (N) NX Regional nodes cannot be assessed N0 No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node ≤3cm in greatest dimension N2 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node >3cm but ≤6cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N2a Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node >3cm but ≤6cm in greatest dimension N2b Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N2c Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N3 Metastasis in a lymph node >6cm in greatest dimension
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Staging: Oro/Hypopharynx
Stage T N M Tis N0 M0 I T1 II T2 III T3 N1 IVA T4a N2 IVB T Any N3 T4b N Any IVC M1
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Tx & Prognosis: Oro/Hypopharynx
RTOG randomized advanced oropharyngeal tumors to surgery with or without post-op RT Post-op RT better LRC (48 vs 65%) & OS (26% vs 38%) RTOG and EORTC studies on locally advanced H&N Ca’s (excluding NPX) showed improved LC with concomitant boost with RT
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Tx & Prognosis: Oro/Hypopharynx
GORTEC (JCO 2004) for Stage III/IV showed benefit of 3 cycles carboplatin/5-FU + RT vs RT alone Chemo-RT improved LC (25 vs 48%), DFS (15 vs 27%) OS (16 vs 23%) Intergroup Trial (JCO 2003) and Duke trials (NEJM 1998) showed similar benefit for cisplatin +/- 5FU Bonner (NEJM 2006) showed benefit of cetuximab with RT over RT alone Cetuximab increased 3 yr LRC (34 vs 47%) OS (45 vs 55%).
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Tx & Prognosis: Oro/Hypopharnx
EORTC Stage III/IV operable H&N Ca’s (excluding NPX) pT3-4 N0/+ Tl-2N2-3, or Tl-2 N0-1 with ECE, + margin, or PNI randomized to post-op cisplatin 100mg/ms days 1, 11, 43 + RT vs RT alone ChemoRT improved 3/5 yr DFS (41/36 vs 59/47%) OS (49/40 vs 65/53%) 5yr LRC (69 vs 82%) RTOG operable H&N cancer who had > 2 LN, ECE, or + margin randomized to RT vs RT + cisplatin Chemo-RT improved 2yr DFS (43 vs 54%), LRC (72 vs 82%) & trend for improved OS (57 vs 63%) No difference in distant mets for either study
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NCCN Guidelines Orophyarnx
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NCCN Guidelines Oropharyx
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NCCN Guidelines Oropharynx
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NCCN Guidelines Hypophyarnx
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NCCN Guidelines Hypophyarnx
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NCCN Guidelines Hypophyarnx
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NCCN Guidelines Hypopharynx
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Presentation: Larynx Hoarse voice Stridor Cough, hx of GERD
Trouble swallowing For glottic tumors T1-2 5% LN involvement T3-4 20% LN involvement
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Staging: Larynx Supraglottis: TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0
No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor limited to 1 subsite of the supraglottis, with normal vocal cord mobility T2 Tumor invades mucosa of more than 1 adjacent subsite of the supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (eg, mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of piriform sinus), without fixation of the larynx T3 Tumor limited to the larynx, with vocal cord fixation, and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, preepiglottic space, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage T4a Moderately advanced, local disease Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (eg, trachea, soft tissues of the neck, including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus) T4b Very advanced local disease Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures
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Staging: Larynx Glottis: TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0
No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure), with normal mobility T1a Tumor limited to 1 vocal cord T1b Tumor involves both vocal cords T2 Tumor extends to the supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility T3 Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of the paraglottic space and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage T4a Moderately advanced, local disease Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (eg, trachea, soft tissues of the neck, including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus) T4b Very advanced, local disease Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures
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Staging: Larynx Subglottis: TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0
No evidence of primary tumor Tis Carcinoma in situ T1 Tumor limited to the subglottis T2 Tumor extends to vocal cord(s), with normal or impaired mobility T3 Tumor limited to the larynx, with vocal cord fixation T4a Moderately advanced, local disease Tumor invades cricoids or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (eg, trachea, soft tissues of the neck, including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus) T4b Very advanced, local disease Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures
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Regional lymph nodes (N)
Staging: Larynx Regional lymph nodes (N) NX Regional nodes cannot be assessed N0 No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node ≤3cm in greatest dimension N2 Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node >3cm but ≤6cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension; or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N2a Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node >3cm but ≤6cm in greatest dimension N2b Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N2c Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none >6cm in greatest dimension N3 Metastasis in a lymph node >6cm in greatest dimension
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Staging: Larynx Stage T N M Tis N0 M0 I T1 II T2 III T3 N1 IVA T4a N2
Tis N0 M0 I T1 II T2 III T3 N1 IVA T4a N2 IVB T Any N3 T4b N Any IVC M1
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Tx & Prognosis: Larynx Stage I tx’d with RT with salvage surgery if needed: 5 yr OS 80-98% Stage II tx’d with RT with salvage surgery: 5 yr OS 68-93% VA Laryngeal Trial: Stage III/IV laryngeal tumors randomized to surgery + post-op RT vs induction chemo with cisplatin/5FU followed by RT 2 yr OS was 68% for both groups Laryngeal preservation rate was 64% (36% in the chemo/RT group required salvage laryngectomy)
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Tx & Prognosis: Larynx RTOG compared RT alone vs sequential chemo/RT vs concurrent chemo + RT LRC 56% RT alone, 61% sequential, 78% concurrent Decreased distant mets with chemo Bonner trial for cetuximab included laryngeal tumors as well RTOG and EORTC for post-op chemoRT included laryngeal tumors Benefit for > 2LN, T3-4, + ECE, + margins
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Supraglottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Glottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Glottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Glottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Glottic Larynx
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NCCN Guidelines Glottic Larynx
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Overview of Treatment Surgery: First choice when possible, but often limited by disfigurement and preservation of organ function such as speech and swallowing Radiation: Most head and neck cancer is sensitive to radiation while preserving organ function Side effects can be severe; Mucositis, permanent xerostomia, osteoradionecrosis of the mandible, altered taste, weight loss, and tooth decay Chemotherapy: Can have dramatic response to treatment, but is often not a durable response Side effects can also be severe; decreased blood counts, anemia, infections, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss Newer targeted therapies have lower side effects
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IMRT
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Recent Advances and Future Directions
PET imaging may allow detection of occult LN metastasis negating the need for post-RT neck dissection Sentinel LN bx in the neck is showing use especially in oral cancers IMRT improves SE’s from radiation therapy Taxanes are showing some promise with cisplatin Targeted therapies: phase III trials with zalutumumab and panitumumab, sorafenib (an inhibitor of the intracellular domain of VEGFR, PDGFR and c-Kit) and afatinib (an irreversible inhibitor of pan-HER tyrosine kinase)
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