1. 2IV60 Computer graphics set 8: Illumination Models and Surface-Rendering Methods Jack van Wijk TU/e

2. OpenGL Illumination example Glfloat lightPos[] = {2.0, 0.0, 3.0, 0.0}; Glfloat whiteColor[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}; Glfloat pinkColor[] = {1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0}; glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); // Use smooth shading glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); // Enable lighting glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); // Enable light source #0 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos); // position LS 0 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, whiteColor); // set color LS 0 glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, pinkColor); // set surface // color glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glNormal3fv(n1); glVertex3fv(v1); // draw triangle, give glNormal3fv(n2); glVertex3fv(v2); // first normal, followed glNormal3fv(n3); glVertex3fv(v3); // by vertex glEnd(); What is going on here?

3. Introduction 1 Illumination model: Given a point on a surface, what is the perceived color and intensity? Known as Lighting Model, or Shading Model Surface rendering: Apply the Illumination model to color all pixels of the surface. H&B 17:531-532

4. Introduction 2 Example: Illumination model gives color vertices, Surface is displayed via interpolation of these colors. H&B 17:531-532

5. Introduction 3 Illumination: Physics: –Material properties, light sources, relative positions, properties medium Psychology: –Perception, what do we see –Color! Often approximating models H&B 17:531-532

6. Light sources 1 Light source: object that radiates energy. Sun, lamp, globe, sky… Intensity I = (I red, I green, I blue ) If I red = I green = I blue : white light H&B 17-1:532-536

7. Light sources 2 Simple model: point light source -position P and intensity I -Light rays along straight lines -Good approximation for small light sources H&B 17-1:532-536

8. Light sources 3 Simpler yet: point light source at infinity -Direction V and intensity I -Sunlight V H&B 17-1:532-536

9. Light sources 4 Damping: intensity of light decreases with distance Energy is distributed over area sphere, hence I l = I / d 2, with d distance to light source. In practice often too ‘agressive’, hence I l = I / (a 0 +a 1 d+a 2 d 2 ) If light source at infinity: No damping with distance d H&B 17-1:532-536

10. Light sources 5 Directed light source, spotlight: Light is primarily send in direction of V light. P Q ll light cone  V light H&B 17-1:532-536

12. Light sources 6 More subtle: Let I decrease with increasing angle  P Q ll light cone  V light H&B 17-1:532-536

14. Surface illumination 1 When light hits a surface, three things can happen: reflection transmission absorption H&B 17-2:536-537

15. Surface illumination 2 Suppose, a light source radiates white light, consisting of red, green and blue light. reflection transmission absorption If only red light is reflected, then we see a red surface. H&B 17-2:536-537

16. Surface illumination 3 Diffuse reflection: Light is uniformly reflected in all directions Specular reflection: Light is stronger reflected in one direction. specular reflection diffuse reflection H&B 17-2:536-537

17. Surface illumination 4 Ambient light: light from the environment. Undirected light, models reflected light of other objects. H&B 17-2:536-537

18. Basic illumination model 1 Basic illumination model: Ambient light; Point light sources; Ambient reflection; Diffuse reflection; Specular reflection. H&B 17-3:537-546

19. Basic illumination model 2 Ambient light: environment light. Undirected light, models reflected light of other objects. H&B 17-3:537-546

20. Basic illumination model 3 Perfect diffuse reflector: light is reflected uniformly in all directions. dA/cos   dA H&B 17-3:537-546

21. Basic illumination model 4 Perfect diffuse reflector: light is reflected uniformly in all directions.. N L  dA/cos   dA Lambert’s law: Reflected energy is proportional with cos , where  denotes the angle between the normal N and a vector to the light source L. H&B 17-3:537-546

22. Basic illumination model 5 Perfect diffuse reflector: light is reflected uniformly in all directions. N L IlIl P surf P source H&B 17-3:537-546

23. Basic illumination model 6 Perfect specular reflector: light is only reflected in one direction. Angle of incidence is angle of reflection. N L R   H&B 17-3:537-546

24. Basic illumination model 7 Imperfect specular reflector: light is distributed in the direction of the angle of reflection, dependent on the roughness of the surface. N L R N L R gladruw     H&B 17-3:537-546

25. Basic illumination model 8 Phong model: empirical model for specular reflection N  L  R V  H&B 17-3:537-546

26. Basic illumination model 9 Phong model: empirical model for specular reflection N  L  R V  H&B 17-3:537-546

27. Basic illumination model 10 Phong model: calculating the vectors N L R L N.L V H&B 17-3:537-546

28. Basic illumination model 11 N L  R V  H Phong model: variant with halfway vector H. Use  instead of  If light source and viewer far away: H  constant. H&B 17-3:537-546

29. Basic illumination model 12 All together: H&B 17-3:537-546

30. Color (reprise): Light intensity I and reflection coefficients k: (r,g,b) triplets So for instance: Plastic: k d is colored (r,g,b), k s is grey (w,w,w) Metal: k d and k s same color Basic model: simple but effective. It can be done much better though… Basic illumination model 13 H&B 17-3:537-546

31. Transparancy 1 Transparant object: -reflected and transmitted light -refraction -scattering H&B 17-4:546-549

32. Transparancy 2 Snell’s law of refraction: N ii L R T ii rr H&B 17-4:546-549

33. Transparancy 3 Thin surface: -double refraction -shift of light ray H&B 17-4:546-549

34. Transparancy 3 Very thin surface: -Discard shift Poor result for silhouette edges… H&B 17-4:546-549

35. Atmospheric effects 1 Atmospheric effects: -dust, smoke, vapor -colors are dimmed -objects less well visible H&B 10-5:549-550

37. Atmospheric effects 2 = 0.25 + [ 1  0.25 ] H&B 10-5:549-550

38. Rendering polygons 1 Basic illumination model: Can be used per point, but that’s somewhat expensive More efficient: Illumination model gives color for some points; Surface is filled in using interpolation of these colors. H&B 17-10:559-564

39. Rendering polygons 2 Constant-intensity rendering aka flat surface rendering: Determine color for center of polygon; Fill the polygon with a constant color. Ok if: Object consists of planar faces, and Light sources are far away, and Eye point is far away, or Polygons are about a pixel in size. H&B 17-10:559-564

40. Rendering polygons 2 Constant-intensity rendering aka flat surface rendering: Determine color for center of polygon; Fill the polygon with a constant color. Highlights not visible, Facetted appearance, increased by Mach banding effect. H&B 17-10:559-564

41. Human perception: edges are given emphasis, contrast is increased near edges. Mach banding Angel (2000) H&B 17-10:559-564

42. Rendering polygons 2 Gouraud surface rendering: Determine average normal on vertices; Determine color for vertices; Interpolate the colors per polygon (incrementally). N1N1 N2N2 N3N3 N4N4 V H&B 17-10:559-564

43. Rendering polygons 3 Gouraud surface rendering: Much better result for curved surfaces Errors near highlights Linear interpolation still gives Mach banding Silhouettes are still not smooth GouraudFlat

44. Rendering polygons 4 Phong surface rendering: Determine average normal per vertex; Interpolate normals per polygon (incrementally); Calculate color per pixel. Fast Phong surface rendering: Like Phong surface rendering, but use 2 nd order approximation of color over polygon: H&B 17-10:559-564

45. Rendering polygons 5 Phong surface rendering: Even better result for curved surfaces No errors at high lights No Mach banding Silhouettes remain coarse More expensive than flat or Gouraud shading H&B 17-10:559-564

46. Rendering polygons 5 Gouraud Flat Phong H&B 17-10:559-564

47. OpenGL Illumination Glfloat lightPos[] = {2.0, 0.0, 3.0, 0.0}; Glfloat whiteColor[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}; Glfloat pinkColor[] = {1.0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0}; glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH); // Use smooth shading glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); // Enable lighting glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); // Enable light source #0 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos); // position LS 0 glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, whiteColor); // set color LS 0 glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, pinkColor); // set surface // color glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glNormal3fv(n1); glVertex3fv(v1); // draw triangle, give glNormal3fv(n2); glVertex3fv(v2); // first normal, followed glNormal3fv(n3); glVertex3fv(v3); // by vertex glEnd(); H&B 17-11:564-574

48. OpenGL Light-sources 1 H&B 17-11:564-574 First, enable lighting in general: glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); OpenGL provides (at least) eight light-sources: lightName = GL_LIGHT0, GL_LIGHT1, …, GL_LIGHT7 Enable the one(s) you need with: glEnable(lightName); Set properties with glLight*(lightName, lightProperty, propertyValue); * = i, f, iv, or fv (i: integer, f: float, v vector)

49. OpenGL Light-sources 2 H&B 17-11:564-574 Position light-source: Glfloat sunlightPos[] = {2.0, 0.0, 3.0, 0.0}; Glfloat lamplightPos[] = {2.0, 0.0, 3.0, 1.0}; glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, sunlightPos); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, lamplightPos); Fourth coordinate = 0: source at infinity Fourth coordinate = 1: local source Specified in world-coordinates, according to the current ModelView specification – just like geometry. Hence, take care when you specify the position. Light from above looks more natural

50. OpenGL Light-sources 3 H&B 17-11:564-574 Color light-source: Glfloat greyColor[] = {0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0}; Glfloat pinkColor[] = {1.0, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0}; Glfloat whiteColor[] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}; glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_AMBIENT, greyColor); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, pinkColor); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_SPECULAR, whiteColor); OpenGL light-source has three color properties, dependent on reflection surface. Not realistic, can be used for special effects. If you don’t have ambient light, things often appear black. Colors are always 4-vectors here: Fourth coordinate is alpha. Most cases: set it to 1.0. More settings: See book

51. OpenGL Global Lighting H&B 17-11:564-574 Global parameters: glLightModel*(paramName, paramValue); * = i, f, iv, or fv (i: integer, f: float, v vector) Global ambient light: Glfloat globalAmbient[] = {0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0}; glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, globalAmbient); More precise specular reflection, take view position into account: glLightModelI(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER, GL_TRUE); Two-sided lighting: glLightModelI(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE, GL_TRUE);

52. OpenGL Surface properties 1 H&B 17-11:564-574 Surface reflection parameters: glMaterial*(surfFace, surfProperty, propertyValue); * = i, f, iv, or fv (i: integer, f: float, v vector) surfFace = GL_FRONT, GL_BACK, or GL_FRONT_AND_BACK Glfloat emissionColor[] = {0.2, 0.3, 0.1, 1.0}; Glfloat diffuseColor[] = {0.6, 0.3, 0.1, 1.0}; Glfloat specularColor[] = {0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0}; glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_EMISSION, emissionColor); glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuseColor); glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, specularColor); glMaterialf(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 25.0f);

53. OpenGL Surface properties 2 H&B 17-11:564-574 If colors are changed often (for instance, per vertex): glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL); glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE); glBegin(…); for i =... for j =... glColor3f(red(i,j), green(i,j), blue(i,j)); glVertex3f(x(i,j), y(i,j), z(i,j)); glEnd(…);

54. OpenGL Surface properties 3 H&B 17-11:564-574 Transparent surfaces: First, draw all opaque surfaces; Next, draw transparent surfaces, back to front *, using something like: glColor4f(R, G, B, A); // A: alpha, for instance 0.40 glEnable(GL_BLEND); glBlendFunc(GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_SRC_ALPHA);... Draw transparent surfaces. glDisable(GL_BLEND); * OpenGL cannot automatically handle transparency, because of the z-buffer algorithm used for hidden surface removal. More on this later.

55. OpenGL Surface properties 4 H&B 17-11:564-574 Color Blending (see also H&B: 135-136): Source: the new graphics object to be drawn; Destination: the current image built up. (R S, G S, B S, A S ): Source color + alpha (R D, G D, B D, A D ): Destination color + alpha (S R, S G, S B, S A ): Source blending factors (D R, D G, D B, D A ): Destination blending factors Components of Source and Destination are weighted and added: (S R R S + D R R D, S G G S + D G G D, S B B S + D B B D, S A A S + D A A D ) is stored in the current image.

56. OpenGL Surface properties 5 H&B 17-11:564-574 (R S, G S, B S, A S ): Source color + alpha (R D, G D, B D, A D ): Destination color + alpha (S R, S G, S B, S A ): Source blending factors (D R, D G, D B, D A ): Destination blending factors glBlendFunc(sFactor, dFactor): specify the blending factors. glBlendFunc(GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, GL_SRC_ALPHA); // Use alpha of source as transparency glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA); // Use alpha of source as opacity More options available for special effects.

57. OpenGL Surface-Rendering 1 H&B 17-11:564-574 glShadeModel(m): specify the rendering method m = GL_FLAT or m = GL_SMOOTH (Gouraud, default) glNormal*(Nx, Ny, Nz) : specify the normal vector Flat version: glNormal3fv(nV); glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glVertex3fv(V1); glVertex3fv(V2); glVertex3fv(V3); glEnd(); Smooth version: glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); glNormal3fv(nV1); glVertex3fv(V1); glNormal3fv(nV2); glVertex3fv(V2); glNormal3fv(nV3); glVertex3fv(V3); glEnd();

58. OpenGL Surface-Rendering 2 H&B 17-11:564-574 glShadeModel(m): specify the rendering method m = GL_FLAT or m = GL_SMOOTH (Gouraud, default) glNormal*(Nx, Ny, Nz) : specify the normal vector glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE): Let OpenGL normalize the normals for you. And, also take care of effects of scaling, shearing, etc.

59. Next Now that we know how to render curved surfaces, let’s study how to define these…