1. A 2 L Heuristic Algorithm for Scheduling Tasks on Non-Identical Machines Alexander C. Tubbs Alison L. Steppig Laura A. Hemker Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

2. Introduction The A 2 L heuristic algorithm provides an efficient solution for scheduling tasks on non-identical machines without preemption. Specifically, the objective of this algorithm’s performance measure is to minimize the average flow time of a given set of processing times. Shortest processing time (SPT) and a form of weighted SPT contribute to the optimal solution. The step-by-step procedure provides a straightforward method for application.

3. Overview Step 1: List all the minimum processing times for each job j. For n jobs having a single SPT on a single machine, assign to the specified machine i. Step 2: Create a Gantt chart with these assigned jobs. (If all jobs are assigned, continue to Step 12) Step 3: List all machine-job, ij, combinations with their given processing times, Pj. Step 4: Rank all the combinations by Pj in ascending order.

4. Overview, continued Step 5: Create a system of rounds 1. Select the jobs that appear in the first occurrence of each machine, label as Round 1 2. If not all Jobs appear, select the jobs that appear in the second occurrence of each machine and label as Round 2. 3. Continue with Rounds until all jobs appear. 4. Select a final round of jobs after all the jobs appear. Step 6: List all possible combinations found in the rounds for the jobs that were not assigned in Step 1.

5. Overview, continued Step 7: Identify the shortest processing time, Pj, for each unassigned job. Step 8: Starting with the job having the largest SPT, evaluate the Fj of all possible combinations for that job. Assign job to the machine having the shortest Fj. If a tie occurs when evaluating Fj, do not assign job and continue with next largest SPT job as described in the next step. Update Gantt chart. Step 9: Repeat Step 8, selecting the job having the next highest SPT value, and continue until all un-assigned jobs are evaluated.

6. Overview, continued Step 10: Re-Evaluate those jobs that had a tie within Fj since new jobs have been assigned. Assign these jobs if ties are broken, for those jobs that ties did not break, create a multi-solution set. Step 11: Create a complete Gantt chart containing all final selections in the order in which they were assigned. Step 12: In the Gantt chart, if a machine is not in use, go back and list all Pj for each job on the open machine. On the Gantt chart, select those jobs running sequentially on a machine and note their Cj for that machine. If Pj < Cj, select the job that has the largest difference between the values and re-assign to the open machine.

7. Overview, continued Step 13: Update complete Gantt chart. Step 14: Arrange the machines in SPT order on the Gantt chart if multiple jobs are to run on the same machine. Step 15: Calculate the average flow-time of the final Gantt chart.

8. Project Problem, 4 jobs & 5 machines Job 1Job 2Job 3Job 4 M 13142 M 24329 M 36518 M 487107 M 52653

9. Step 1: List all the minimum processing times for each job j. For n jobs having a single SPT on a single machine, assign to the specified machine i. SPTAssign to Job12M5 Job21M1 Job31M3 Job42M1

10. Step 2: Create a Gantt chart with these assigned jobs. Since all the jobs are assigned, skip to Step 12. M5 J1, Pj=2 M4 M3 J3, Pj=1 M2 M1 J2, Pj=1J4, Pj=2

11. Step 12: In the Gantt chart, if a machine is not in use, go back and list all Pj for each job on the open machine. On the Gantt chart, select those jobs running sequentially on a machine and note their Cj for that machine. If Pj < Cj, select the job that has the largest difference between the values and re-assign to the open machine. J3J2J1J4 M22349 Pj GivenCj on Current J49>3 J23>1 J4J1J3 M477810 Pj GivenCj on Current J47>3 J27>1

12. Step 13: Update complete Gantt chart. M5 J1 M4 M3 J3 M2 M1 J2J4

13. Step 14: Arrange the machines in SPT order on the Gantt chart if multiple jobs are to run on the same machine. M5 J1 M4 M3 J3 M2 M1 J2J4

14. Step 15: Calculate the average flow-time of the final Gantt chart.

15. 8 jobs & 5 machines Job 1Job 2Job 3Job 4Job 5Job 6Job 7Job 8 M 1226113310 M 2599810373 M 3594109 15 M 475926878 M 561446477

16. Step 1: List all the minimum processing times for each job j. For n jobs having a single SPT on a single machine, assign to the specified machine i. SPTAssign to Job12M1 Job21M5 Job41M1 Job51M1 Job71M3 Job83M2

17. Step 2: Create a Gantt chart with these assigned jobs. (If all jobs are assigned, continue to Step 12) M5 J2 M4 M3 J7 M2 J8 M1 J1J4J5

18. Step 3: List all machine-job, ij, combinations with their given processing times, pj. Pj M1(J1)2 M1(J2)2 M1(J3)6 M1(J4)1 M1(J5)1 M1(J6)3 M1(J7)3 M1(J8)10 M2(J1)5 M2(J2)9 M2(J3)9 M2(J4)8 M2(J5)10 M2(J6)3 M2(J7)7 M2(J8)3 M3(J1)5 M3(J2)9 M3(J3)4 M3(J4)10 M3(J5)9 M3(J6)10 M3(J7)1 M3(J8)5 M4(J1)7 M4(J2)5 M4(J3)9 M4(J4)2 M4(J5)6 M4(J6)8 M4(J7)7 M4(J8)8 M5(J1)6 M5(J2)1 M5(J3)4 M5(J4)4 M5(J5)6 M5(J6)4 M5(J7)7 M5(J8)7

19. Step 4: Rank all the combinations by Pj in ascending order. Pj M1(J4)1 M1(J5)1 M3(J7)1 M5(J2)1 M1(J1)2 M1(J2)2 M4(J4)2 M1(J6)3 M1(J7)3 M2(J6)3 M2(J8)3 M3(J3)4 M5(J3)4 M5(J4)4 M5(J6)4 M2(J1)5 M3(J1)5 M3(J8)5 M4(J2)5 M1(J3)6 M4(J5)6 M5(J1)6 M5(J5)6 M2(J7)7 M4(J1)7 M4(J7)7 M5(J7)7 M5(J8)7 M2(J4)8 M4(J6)8 M4(J8)8 M2(J2)9 M2(J3)9 M3(J2)9 M3(J5)9 M4(J3)9 M1(J8)10 M2(J5)10 M3(J4)10 M3(J6)10

20. Step 5: Create a system of rounds. 1. Select the jobs that appear in the first occurrence of each machine, label as Round 1 2. If not all Jobs appear, select the jobs that appear in the second occurrence of each machine and label as Round 2. 3. Continue with Rounds until all jobs appear. 4. Select a final round of jobs after all the jobs appear.

21. Step 5 continued: Pj M1(J4)1 M1(J5)1 M3(J7)1 M5(J2)1 M1(J1)2 M1(J2)2 M4(J4)2 M1(J6)3 M1(J7)3 M2(J6)3 M2(J8)3 M3(J3)4 M5(J3)4 M5(J4)4 M5(J6)4 M2(J1)5 M3(J1)5 M3(J8)5 M4(J2)5 M1(J3)6 M4(J5)6 M5(J1)6 M5(J5)6 M2(J7)7 M4(J1)7 M4(J7)7 M5(J7)7 M5(J8)7 M2(J4)8 M4(J6)8 M4(J8)8 M2(J2)9 M2(J3)9 M3(J2)9 M3(J5)9 M4(J3)9 M1(J8)10 M2(J5)10 M3(J4)10 M3(J6)10 Jobs Idenitified R1:4, 6, 7, 2 R2:5, 8, 3 R3:1 FINAL

22. Step 6: List all possible combinations found in the rounds for the jobs that were not assigned in Step 1. Pj M1(J4)1 M1(J5)1 M3(J7)1 M5(J2)1 M1(J1)2 M1(J2)2 M4(J4)2 M2(J6)3 M2(J8)3 M3(J3)4 M5(J3)4 M5(J4)4 M5(J6)4 M2(J1)5 M3(J1)5 M3(J8)5 M4(J2)5 M4(J5)6 M2(J7)7 M4(J1)7 Job1Job2Job3Job4Job5Job6Job7Job8 ASSIGNED M3(J3) ASSIGNED M2(J6) ASSIGNED M5(J3)M5(J6)

23. Step 7: Identify the shortest processing time, Pj, for each unassigned job. Job3PjJob6Pj M3(J3)4M2(J6)3 M5(J3)4M5(J6)4

24. Step 8: Starting with the job having the largest SPT, evaluate the Fj of all possible combinations for that job. Assign job to the machine having the shortest Fj. If a tie occurs when evaluating Fj, do not assign job and continue with next largest SPT job as described in the next step. Update Gantt chart. Pj = 4 Tie: M3 and M5 M3:1 + 46 M5:1 + 46

25. Step 9: Repeat Step 8, selecting the job having the next highest SPT value, and continue until all un-assigned jobs are evaluated. Pj = 3 M2:3 + 39 M5:1 + 46 Assign J6 on M5 M5 J2J6 M4 M3 J7 M2 J8 M1 J1J4J5

26. Step 10: Re-Evaluate those jobs that had a tie within Fj since new jobs have been assigned. Assign these jobs if ties are broken, for those jobs that ties did not break, create a multi-solution set. M3:1 + 46 M5:1 + 4 + 415 Likewise, J3 will then be on M3

27. Step 11: Create a complete Gantt chart containing all final selections in the order in which they were assigned. M5 J2J6 M4 M3 J7J3 M2 J8 M1 J1J4J5

28. Step 12: In the Gantt chart, if a machine is not in use, go back and list all Pj for each job on the open machine. In the Gantt chart, if a machine is not in use, go back and list all Pj for each job on the open machine. If Pj < Cj, select the job that has the largest difference between the values and re-assign to the open machine. Job 1Job 2Job 3Job 4Job 5Job 6Job 7Job 8 M 475926878 Pj GivenCj on Current J17>2 J25>1 J39>4 J42<3 J56>4 J68>5 J77>1

29. Step 13: Update complete Gantt chart. M5 J2J6 M4 J4 M3 J7J3 M2 J8 M1 J1J5

30. Step 14: Arrange the machines in SPT order on the Gantt chart if multiple jobs are to run on the same machine. M5 J2J6 M4 J4 M3 J7J3 M2 J8 M1 J5J1

31. Step 15: Calculate the average flow-time of the final Gantt chart.

32. Conclusions The A 2 L heuristic algorithm proved to be capable of minimizing average flow-time for every scheduling problem of non-identical machines without preemption that we applied it to. We believe that it could be efficiently applied to larger-scale problems if made into a computer program.

33. References Pinedo, M. (1995). Scheduling: Theory, Algorithms, and Systems, Prentice-Hall, 0137067577, New Jersey Baker, K. R. (1974). Introduction to Sequencing and Scheduling, John Wiley & Sons, 0471045551, New York Randhawa, S. U. & Kuo, C. H. (1997). Evaluating Scheduling Heuristics for Non-Identical Parallel Processors. International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 35, No. 4, (April 1997), pp. 969 981, 0020-7543