1. Monetary Policy GOVERNMENT & THE ECONOMY

2. Recessions A significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale-retail trade The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's gross domestic product (GDP) although the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) does not necessarily need to see this occur to call a recession. Video

3. Inflation The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum. deflation As inflation rises, every dollar will buy a smaller percentage of a good. For example, if the inflation rate is 2%, then a $1 pack of gum will cost $1.02 in a year. Most countries' central banks will try to sustain an inflation rate of 2-3%. Video

4. Monetary Policy Used by Federal Reserve System to influence money supply and availability of credit Induces changes in interest rates to influence prices, employment & spending

5. Lessons from the Great Depression Video

6. Monetary Policy The actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Monetary policy is maintained through actions such as increasing the interest rate, or changing the amount of money banks need to keep in the vault (bank reserves).

7. Monetary Policy In the U.S., the Federal Reserve is in charge of monetary policy. Monetary policy is one of the ways that the U.S. government attempts to control the economy. If the money supply grows too fast, the rate of inflation will increase If the growth of the money supply is slowed too much, then economic growth may also slow. In general, the U.S. sets inflation targets that are meant to maintain a steady inflation of 2% to 3%.

8. Monetary policy can be categorized by four characteristics Monetar y Policy Goals Instruments Intermediate Targets Discretion

9. Instruments refer to the policy options the Fed has to control the supply of money… Open Market Operations By purchasing or selling US Treasuries, the Fed can alter the supply of bank reserves (MB) Discount Window Loans The Fed can also influence reserves by altering the interest rate charged on loans to commercial banks. (MB) Reserve Requirements Reserve Requirements influence the ability of banks to create new loans which affects the broader aggregates (M1,M2,M3) This is the most often used instrument!

10. Monetary Policy goals address the central bank’s agenda in general terms The Bank of England Follows an explicit Inflation Target. Specifically, the goal is to maintain 2% annual inflation. The Bank of China appears to have export driven growth as their primary objective The ECB (European Central Bank) and the Federal Reserve follow policies of stable prices and maintenance of full employment

11. Intermediate Targets address the question: “How will I meet my goals?”. Targets are variables that the central bank can more directly control. For Tiger Woods, the goal is to win the golf tournament The target is to score 18 under par (the number he thinks he needs to win) The Bank of China is currently targeting the exchange rate at 8.28 Yuan per dollar The Federal Reserve is currently targeting the Federal Funds Rate at 2.75% The Bank of England is currently targeting the repo rate at 4.75% Goals vs. Targets

12. Targets can be broadly classified into either “Price Targets” or “Quantity Targets” Suppose that the Federal Government could influence the supply of oranges and wanted to regulate the orange market Quantity of Oranges Price Demand Supply $5/Lb Lowering the price to $4 (price target) and Raising the quantity to 1,500 (quantity target) are both describing the same policy (expanding the orange market) 1,0001,500 $4/Lb

13. Targets can be broadly classified into either “Price Targets” or “Quantity Targets” Quantity of Oranges Price Demand Supply $5/Lb If demand for oranges increases and the Fed is following a price target, they must respond by increasing supply Target Range However, your response to demand changes will differ across policies

14. Targets can be broadly classified into either “Price Targets” or “Quantity Targets” Quantity of Oranges Price Demand Supply If demand for oranges increases and the Fed is following a quantity target, they must respond by decreasing supply 1000Lbs Target Range However, your response to demand changes will differ across policies

15. Suppose that the Fed wants to lower its target to 4% (expansionary monetary policy) Interest Rate (i) M2 = mm(MB) M P Md(y,t) 5% M2 Multiplier = 8 Change in M2 = $2,000 4% 2,000 8 = $250 A $250 purchase of Treasuries would be required

16. Suppose that the Fed is Targeting the Interest Rate at 5% Interest Rate (i) M2 = mm(MB) M P Md(y,t) 5% M2 Multiplier = 8 Suppose an increase in GDP raises Money Demand Change in M2 = $1,000 The Fed needs to increase the monetary base by 1,000 8 = $125 (An Open Market Purchase of Treasuries)

17. During the late 70’s, the federal reserve changed its policy from an interest rate target to a money target. The money target was abandoned in the mid eighties.